Essay on Once More to the Lake

An Analysis of E. B Whites, â€Å"Once More to the Lake† In E. B Whites essay, â€Å"Once More to the Lake† he reflects on his summer outing with his son. Throughout the trip, memories of his childhood, long forgotten, resurface themselves as he experiences the same vacation with his own son. These memories create in him a feeling as if time has not changed and that he is reliving his old days. His father used to take him to the same camping spot as a boy.He was certain that there would be changes since then, but on arrival his senses are awakened and old feelings revived as he takes in the unchanged sights, sounds, and smells of the peaceful lake in Maine. The overall theme of this story is the acceptance of aging and the passing of time. The passage of time throughout the story has a relentless hold on White, he struggles throughout as reality becomes harder and harder for him to grasp. The author incorporates many literary devices which add to his overall vivid descr iptions and comparisons, a few which include: imagery, tone, and symbolism.By these techniques the narrator is able to set the reader’s imagination on fire! Throughout this literary work detailed comparisons are blended in as he remembers his own vacation to the lake as a young boy. These comparisons make it hard for him to face the fact that he has aged very much since that time. The feelings and emotions these reincarnated memories create bring about sensations of a â€Å"dual existence† (25) in White. The narrators detailed diction in describing these emotions and senses that are being brought back and relived, arouse similar feelings in the reader.It makes us empathize for the now, grown man. He remembers such things as the smell of his bedroom, â€Å"picking up a bait box, or a table fork† (25), as well as many other intricate details. Everything seems to bring him back to the cherished memories he had stored for so many years of him camping on the lake wit h his own father. The imagery used in the essay enhances the overall experience. Another important technique which adds to this story is how the author meticulously compares the past with the present. For the duration of the story White repeats the same phrase, â€Å"there has been no years† (25, 26).He feels as if time is at a standstill. The tone that the speaker incorporates, works to bring out deep emotions in the reader. We feel for him as he describes this, â€Å"utterly enchanted sea† (26). The reverence he has for the, â€Å"peace, and goodness, and jollity† (27) of this special place reveals itself in multiple occasions of the story. He upholds this seemingly sanctuary in the utmost respect as it holds the memories of him and his father. In the course of time, this dwelling place of remembrance will rebirth into future generations.Something’s that have changed about the place, bring white back to the reality of time and aging. He speaks of how he came upon an old path used by horse drawn carriages back in his day, it used to have three tracks, but now that the automobile was invented only two were seem, etched in the dirt, tire tracks from the cars passing to and from. He states that for a moment he, â€Å"missed terribly the middle alternative† (26). Although this actuality is brought up, White pushes it aside and adopts his dual existence willingly.He continues to imagine that he is his father, and his son, is in fact him, he states, â€Å"which was I, the one walking at my side, the one walking in my pants† (28). White notices another difference, in this otherwise, so familiar place, it was the sound of outboard motors, â€Å"unfamiliar nervous sound† (27). They are sounds that bring him out of his dream world; he is distraught over these changes. This makes us believe that the very thought of these dissimilarities were unbearable for him to cope with. He was in denial of the fact that time had passe d.The symbolism used in this essay is brought about in a clear manner when White describes the thunderstorm. This storm is used to represent a sort of rebirth. The rain comes and there is a sudden sense that there is a, â€Å"return of light, and hope, and spirits† (29). At this point he begins to see the trip in a whole new perspective or â€Å"light† (29). He is hit with a sudden realization that though everything seems just the same, he can make the connection that this is a new generation and new memories are soon to be fabricated, â€Å"linking the generations in a strong, indestructible chain† (29).In the end he is forced to face the absoluteness of time. As he watches his son slip into his cold, wet swimming trunks he once again imagines it is himself then he is suddenly hit with a, â€Å"chill of death† (29). He realizes that switching places with his father also means he is going to die. He is brought to the fact that much time has passed. This l eads to his concluding acceptance of his own mortality. He wanted so dearly to hold onto the memories of old and never acknowledge the fact that the times had changed, yet deep down he knew that this would be impossible.In the end White embraced the process of aging and found the good that could stem from it; but it was clear that throughout the narrative the overall theme was his struggle in the acceptance of aging and the passing of time. He concludes that eventually he can use these memories and experiences to connect with future generations of his son, and furthermore his son’s son. He did not have to hold onto the false idea that aging was a curse but he was able to let go and take it as more of a blessing.He would be able to pass these memories on for years and years to come. People should certainly accept the fact that everyone ages and time goes by quick. Every new moment counts and wonderful memories, experiences, and also wisdom can ultimately be cherished and passe d on to further generations of people through these durations of time. Abraham Lincoln once said, â€Å"And in the end, it’s not the years in your life that count. It’s the life in your years†, this quote rings true in the inspirational story, â€Å"Once More to the Lake†.

Bioinformatics: BioEdit

One of the primary needs of man, in terms of the cognitive and psychological aspects of life, is to understand himself and other forms of life in order to determine each other’s role and place as inhabitants on earth with unique physiological, anatomical, and most importantly in this case, biological features which exhibit major differences from each other, setting the stage for discovering the quintessential facets of life.This particular need of man had been provided for due to the capacity of Science and Technology to allow him to obtain relevant and comprehensive facts that are rational and quantifiable in nature to develop an organized body of knowledge that provides reliable and valid information about human life, as well as other species on the planet, particularly on the measure of how life is formed, transformed, and reproduced.Under these pretexts, the importance of information is framed pertaining to its connection with the field of biology, specifically under the f ramework of Molecular Biology, Genetics, Computer Science, IT, and Statistics. (Ramsden, 2004) Aside from the purpose of collating reliable and valid information to provide man with an open access to facts or data for the purpose of cognitive enlightenment and sustenance of psychological needs, and so on, solving various issues and problems confronting man and other species on earth may also be addressed through the information-gathering process.Not only does it contribute to the field of Molecular Biology or Genetics for instance, but the processes of obtaining pertinent and comprehensive data are advantageous in addressing concerns in various fields, including Health Care and Medicine, Farming, Agriculture and environmental concerns, Nutrition, Food Processing and Production, and so on. (Hyman, 2003) The process of resolving these multiple issues that affect almost all major fields or industries start by focusing attention on gathering and analyzing information which may be initia lly categorized under Molecular Biology, and then subsequently, Genetics.The next step constitutes the synthesis and organization of information in order to develop theoretical approaches and practical strategies for problem-solving purposes. However, positioning the theoretical framework of Molecular Biology into practical environments and realizing its purpose of obtaining information to contribute to various fields and industries have never been easy. One should not expect that gathering information from various life forms is a trouble-free task.Since molecular and biological information covers a vast scope, (Bommarius & Riebel, 2004) and information obtained requires meaningful, factual, and systematic observations, interpretations, analyses, and synthesis, the necessity for developing a tool or a system to manage the various processes involved, such as the information-gathering, the storage and retrieval of data, the management of data, and so on, (Ramsden, 2004) was realized.T hrough the fusion of technology, particularly Information Technology or IT, Computer Science, Statistics, and Molecular Biology, Bioinformatics came about addressing problems that challenged the informational system of Biology. With the development of Bioinformatics, scientists, particularly molecular biologists and geneticists, have founded an efficient way to create a database of pertinent information obtained under the application of Molecular Biology since its inception, wherein facts and data gathered may be stored and organized for future access or retrieval.(Ramsden, 2004) Moreover, through services provided by Bioinformatics, it allows scientists to organize and synthesize information meaningfully for rational and relevant evaluations and assessments of facts in order to arrive at substantial results that lead to the formation of sound conclusions and generalizations. Bioinformatics therefore focus on the organization of facts and data, the synthesis of this information to d evelop bodies of knowledge, and finally, the evaluation and assessment of facts or data in order to formulate pertinent theories and strategies in addressing biological concerns across multiple disciplines.(Bommarius & Riebel, 2004) With these information on Bioinformatics in mind, the remainder of this discussion shall be devoted to discussing the history of Bioinformatics, the role of Computer Science, Information Technology, Molecular Biology, and Statistics in the development, sustenance, functioning, and efficiency of Bioinformatics, and an evaluation of a Bioinformatics tool or software in relation to its goals or objectives, its interface, available application features and characteristics, additional services, and so on.A SHORT HISTORY IN BIOINFORMATICS Due to the influx of information from numerous research studies conducted by scientists under the coverage of Molecular Biology, the ongoing process has fueled the need for the development of a system that shall be able to or ganize and collate information – that is, Bioinformatics.From Tiselius’ design of the process of electrophoresis, to the development of the alpha-helix by Pauling and Corey, and consequently the improvement of Pauling and Corey’s model to the double-helix by Watson and Crick, developments on protein crystallography, the creation of the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network or ARPANET, the creation of molecular models, and so on, these various events and situations were taken collectively developing the need and recommendation for the creation of a model or framework that will handle information simultaneously, efficiently, and reliably.(Sadek, 2004) From the developments and discoveries of new information based on the processes and techniques employed in the field of Molecular Biology, supported by the attention and interest granted to computers and technology during the eighties because of the dawn of the era of technology, the role of Bioinformatics was re alized, emphasized, and consequently developed. Scientists, as well as various organizations, industries, academic institutions, and such, have continued to develop and improve Bioinformatics.The results constitute the engineering of various applications or softwares since the concept of Bioinformatics was framed during the seventies. Each program or application that was structured were designed to carry out multifarious and specific tasks and responsibilities including DNA sequencing or mapping, the organization of data according to priorities, use, needs, concerns, problems, etc. Some of these applications or softwares include the PC/GENE, PROSITE, SEQANALREF, etc.(Agarwal, 200-) At present time, Bioinformatics continue to evolve and develop as man consciously obtains more complex information and experience developments from previous knowledge and established theories or concepts. In addition, as numerous problems and conflicts related to Biology and its practical application incl uding lessons or concepts arise, Bioinformatics as a practical and essential field in Science and Technology will continue to look for solutions in order to address these concerns.The changing landscape of society, particularly its move from traditionalism and individualism to modernization and globalization, influences changes and transformations in Bioinformatics. BIOINFORMATICS: Molecular Biology, Computer Science, IT, and Statistics In order to deeply understand how Bioinformatics work, we need to go over the structure and features of the subfields that it constitutes, such as Molecular Biology, Computer Science, IT, and Statistics. Molecular Biology is a branch of Science that deals with the analysis of various molecules within living things in general.Various types of cells from man, animals, and plants are studied and analyzed in order to determine molecular compositions, and consequently learn determine their structures and compositions, their reactions to other molecules an d substances found within living things, their functions and contributions to human life, or life in general including plants and animals, and so on. Molecular Biology also studies Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA compositions of living things as they contribute knowledge and information on Genetics.This particular aspect focuses on structuring how molecules reproduce through DNA replication within a cell. (Hyman, 2003) Computer Science and IT are both products of the fusion between Science and Technology. They function because of the build-up of information that constitutes Molecular Biology for the purposes of quantifying and qualifying facts and data into meaningful sequences, models, or formations that may be interpreted, analyzed, and synthesized.Some of the specific contributions of Computer Science and IT include the storage, construction, and reconstruction of DNA sequences, a thorough genome analysis by accessing various related information in databases managed by IT, the const ruction of graphic organizers or visual representations of information for clarity and direct presentation of facts, the timely and efficient transfer and receipt of information across databases and information systems, and the collation of variable information about protein sequences. (Keedwell & Narayanan, 2005)Statistics, as a mathematical and scientific approach to analyzing and interpreting data, contributes to Bioinformatics by allowing scientists to test the weight or magnitude of information and provide quantifiable data that may be interpreted according to established standards or guidelines. Information, facts, or data, obtained through experiments and consequently, the findings obtained by molecular biologists from thorough analysis and evaluation an in depth research studies are labeled with values leading to the formulation of estimates, predictions, or likelihoods of the occurrence of various phenomena.Moreover, Statistics is important in allowing computers and various technologies to determine how facts or data are to be translated in order to arrive at scientific conclusions of generalizations. (Ramsden, 2004) By and large, the unique features and contributions of these fields in Science, Technology, and Mathematics, meld together in order to build the foundations of Bioinformatics.Information from Molecular Biology are utilized and transformed to numerical data through Statistics, and both informational statements and figures are stored in computers and other technologies including IT systems or processes, IT functions, standards, guidelines, etc. for easy access and retrieval, synthesis, analysis, and interpretation, and are consequently managed through IT systems and processes. BIOEDITBioEdit is a software application made available for Windows Operating Systems that is used to reconstruct how DNA, nucleic acids, and amino acids are arranged in order to follow the superlative sequence of these substances based on rules and standards derived from previous studies and analyses by molecular biologists and geneticists. Aside from these functions, BioEdit also runs to provide users with graphic simulators that construct drawings or illustrations, chartings and mappings, etc. , BLAST searches, and alignments.(Salemi & Vandamme, 2003 and Tsai, 2002) Coverage and Value of BioEdit to Bioinformatics The study of Molecular Biology necessitates the in depth analysis and evaluation of molecules and their various compositions found in living things, particularly proteins or amino acids which were then identified to be the edifices of life. As time passed, molecular biologists realized the importance of going beyond the study of protein or amino acid structures, and focus on DNA and other nucleic acids which map out how life is formed, transformed, or reproduced.The study of the two most important molecular structures in living things – amino acids and nucleic acids – forms the foundation of Molecular Biology, as well a s Genetics, as fields of science. (Horobin, 2003) In studying these acids, molecular biologists and geneticists need to determine their composition, structures, and sequences in order to identify how they are formed and identify their respective roles in building life. (Horobin, 2003) For the purpose of deeply understanding the importance of sequencing and realignment in Molecular Biology, as well as Genetics, we will focus on the subject of DNA.Molecular Biologists and Geneticists utilize the process of DNA sequencing by following established methodologies and standards. Because of enormous funding obtained from both public and private sectors that are extremely interested in advancing the field of genome sequencing, particularly for purposes of genetic modification and cloning, the DNA sequencing methodology has been continuously evolving in order to adapt new findings and trends that raise its reliability, validity, and efficiency. (Griffin & Griffin, 1994)Sequencing and realignm ent of data and samples help Molecular Biologists and Geneticists create various patterns of DNA links or formation, assemble or disassemble structures for a deeper or more thorough analysis, create a map or graphic organizer which will instantly illustrate how enzymes or other substances are formed from base samples such as DNA, analyses of DNA samples and sequences in order to predict outcomes in protein formation, analyses of protein or amino acids in order to determine their specific features or characteristics, look for other structures or sequences within the database with similar characteristics and formations with the sample, and consequently aligning similar structures or sequences together in order to predict reactions, growth and development, and so on. (Griffin & Griffin, 1994)Results from the sequencing, alignment, or realignment processes that are primary accomplished by resorting to bioinformatics tools such as BioEdit, constitute the information for proper DNA sequen ces in order to identify anomalies or flaws in other models or structures. This is most important in the field of medicine and health because it helps professionals determine serious diseases or illnesses that might be passed on through heredity, varying genes in order to alter anomalies or flaws within its structures, and such. Sequences and alignments also help further genetic cloning because it provides relevant information on how life may be reproduced in the process. Other practical uses of DNA sequencing and alignment include the improvement product formation, by determining how the formation of genes may be developed gearing towards constructiveness, particularly in the food industry. (Walker & Rapley, 2000)BioEdit, as a tool for sequencing and aligning various molecules or substances such as DNA, nucleic acids, amino acids, etc. , is therefore extremely important in the realization of the goals of Molecular Biology and Genetics. Through its comprehensive services and feature s aside from sequencing and aligning, the application is able to help molecular biologists and geneticists thoroughly analyze sequences for various purposes aforementioned, consequently advancing not only their respective fields but other scientific industries as well including health care and medicine, psychology and behavior, farming and agriculture, food processing and production, genetics, etc. BioEdit: The ApplicationBioEdit is available for free download from various online sources offering different versions, including tutorials and general databases for the purpose of comparing sequences. For this reason, BioEdit appears to be instrumental in one’s accomplishment of various tasks and responsibilities that are associated to the study of DNA, amino acids, nucleic acids, etc. because the software is readily available for users who need access to such Bioinformatics tools. In addition, there are several online tutorials that will help one in learning how to use the applic ation appropriately and efficiently. For this particular evaluation, BioEdit 7. 0. 9 was used and downloaded from http://www. mbio. ncsu.edu/BioEdit/BioEdit. html. (Hall, 2007) Although there are online tutorials available for new users, handling BioEdit is quite difficult. One cannot easily use BioEdit the first time because there is a need to go over terminologies, exploring the functions and requirements of running BioEdit. For instance, the Accessory Application tab contains various commands or protocols that are unfamiliar to new users, unless they have comprehensive experiences in handling other applications or programs with similar interface. In order to begin working with BioEdit, one must know what BLAST is, CAP or Contig Assembly Program, a Protein Distance Matrix, and so on.Moreover, there is a need for new users to familiarize themselves with various goals and objectives that should be accomplished in using BioEdit in order to determine which tools found in the tabs shal l be used and how databases shall be drawn from the World Wide Web for thorough analysis, alignment, or comparison of sequences. One beneficial attribute of BioEdit include the availability of links to online sets that provide databases such as the Vector Database, the PHYLIP Homepage, the RNase P Database, and so on. In addition, BioEdit allows users to utilize sequences in various formats and read and access numerous sequences that may be imported from other sources. BioEdit does not also limit users to the built-in services that come with the download of the program because it opens itself to upgrades by downloading other complementary or helper applications.When it comes to the actual utilization of tools offered by the BioEdit becomes highly useful because it is able to carry out basic tasks, such as editing of sequences from samples, translating the compositions and formation of sequences, the alignment of sequences to multiple sources, and so on. Although the BioEdit is quite difficult to use in the beginning, going over tutorials and Read Me files from online websites is useful in order to familiarize oneself with the interface of the program. Moreover, it offers various tools that completes several tasks and provides access to numerous databases that may be used for many purposes. The following screenshots were obtained from the website wherein BioEdit was used to fulfill various tasks and functions including Split alignment, Hydrophobicity Plots, and Plasmid drawing and annotation. (Hall, 2007)

Positive aspects of tourism

The rise in tourism has occured for many reasons.My first example is; over the past few years an incresseing amount of people in More Economically Developed Countries (MEDC'S) have much more time and money to spend. Because of this, more people in MEDC'S can spend more time and money going on holiday. My second example is that transport has been made much more comfortable, cheaper and quicker to use which has made more people pursaded to travel, because lots of places in the world can now be reached easily. My third point is that Tourists might want ot learn about new cutures and other, different life styles which might incresse the amount of toursim. My fourth and final point is that most holidays come in â€Å"package holidays† or â€Å"family packs† which are usally much cheaper, which will pursaded more people to go on holiday. There are many positive aspects of tourism.For instance, some Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDC'S) see tourism as a way to make there country more devloped so that they can become a more economically developed country, this connectes to the fact that tourism can help LEDC'S build there education system e.g. money to build schools, money for teachers, schools, collage or university. Tourism can help LEDC'S medically e.g. hospitals, money for medcine and treatment, hospital equipment, doctors and nurses and the money to build hospitals. My second point is that tourism in LEDC'S can help more people get jobs aand get more money in the country. Another good aspect of tourism would be that; local teenagers can become independant of there families by getting jobs, and providing money for themselves. Unfortunatley, there are many negative appects of tourism as well, which include; tourists may not respect local customs trodictions, which might offened the local people and other people living in that country. Also the rules in a diffrent country or place might be diffrent to what the tourists is ued to so they might end up offemding or even brakin the law! Even though the country gets money not all of it is atually spent on the country, most of it is atually spent in hotels, which is usally owened by foreign countries. Another bad aspect is that the World Trade Reasurchers Organization (WTRO) have shown that the curren pattern of world trade is not making a diffrence. It showed that LEDC'S are not gettig any richer some have even shown that LEDC'S are getting porrer becuse of the money spent of facilites e.g tourist attractions (buildings-e.x hotels) . Another bad point is that tourusm can lead to crime rate incresses by up to a whooping 49.83% this is almost half! the crime rate is a big issue and is some times uncontrollable. Tourism is managed in diffrent ways. Here are some examples: in Bostwana they have sustanable tourism, this provides jobs and opportunities for the people there without destroying there lifestyles or the enviroment for the future people and animals of Bostwana. They do this by letting tourist experice troditional activities e.g weaving cloth. This is sustanable and it gets more money in the country that can be put to good use e.g farming-for crops/food and there education-money can be put to schooling so more people can go to school. Another example of sustanible tourism is in Tanzania (east Africa) they have sustaible tourism as well e.g they have a national safrai park (Serengeti national park). this is sustanable because they do not harm the amimals as they are kept in wide vast open space to roam about freely, the vewier and tourists always see them from a distance, never to close to startle them. this means they are not harming the amimals in any way, so it is sustaible. In conclusion, I think tourism can be good only if it is sustanible, for example- what they are doing in Bostwana but not if it is unsustanble for example-what they are doing in a place in spain which is ruining ther beach in the end int wont be worth it.but over all i think tourism is good only if sustanible.

Aldi supermarket company and industry assessment Essay

Aldi supermarket company and industry assessment - Essay Example This paper describes the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing Aldi as part of a comprehensive SWOT analysis and also provides the various strategic options available to the supermarket chain in order to boost profitability and reputation. Sound Marketing Strategy. Since the Aldi low-cost model was established and company began operations, the business has remained focused on changing its image from simply a discount supermarket chain to that of a progressive, well-positioned company. The business has transformed its image from a no-frills business to a specialty brand company which removes consumer emphasis from the term discount to that of one focused on quality products. This has had appeal to mass markets and raised their sales 25 percent in early 2009 by being able to cater to a larger volume of potential demographics, even including the upscale consumer. Privatisation. Aldi is not a publicly traded company, which does not give the business the types of pressures felt by other publicly-traded supermarkets in terms of investor pressures for rapid expansion or other activities which benefit the shareholder. By holding higher levels of control over internal activities, Aldi has been able to emerge a leader in low-cost grocery shopping needs. Knowledge of consumer audiences. Aldi, unlike other discount grocery stores, appears to understand the lifestyle and behavioural needs of its customer base by creating marketing strategies which fit consumer psychology profiles. For instance, Aldi Supermarkets realises that in order to lure more image-conscious consumers to its facility, it would have to eliminate the strong focus on no-frills and reposition the firm based on quality products and selection. This eliminates the social fear of shopping at what might be considered a budget organisation and instead gives the impression of select branded products designed for active

The influence of technology on modernist and avant-garde architecture Essay

The influence of technology on modernist and avant-garde architecture - Essay Example After the liberal-national revolutions of 1848, there was the need to expand the economy of the colonial territories and to fill the political, military and economic conditions with the traditional European. This led to the development of cities in its suburbs. In addition, the decrease in mortality because of the improved standards of living in terms of nutrition and medical techniques in urban areas resulted in urbanisation. The increase in population in urban areas led to transformation of old neighbourhoods into slums as well as entry of jerry-built houses that would provide shelter to people working in the factories. However, the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1890 and the slum clearance Acts of 1868 and 1875 were established to provide quality housing. As the construction of new houses for workers began, several architectural designs developed in order to produce engaging and beautiful buildings and improve the overall appearance of the urban centres. According to Conrad s (25), in organic architecture, the building, its furnishings and its setting and environment are considered as one thing. Furnishings such as tables, chairs, musical instruments and cabinets are said to be part of the buildings, as well. However, the heating, lighting or ventilation can be incorporated together with other features in the building or excluded. Conrads (25) argues that a human dwelling place should be a complete work of art that is closely related to modern life and fit for people to live. It should include harmonious entity, which is beautiful and suitable in providing the needs of the dwellers. An example of such a building is shown below. Winslow House in Chicago (1893) Conrads (95) states it is through the new evolving techniques that people are able to discover new materials and new ways to construct objects; hence, enabling individuals to learn how to design objects and develop a new attitude towards design. This includes the living environment of vehicles and machines, limitation of certain characteristics such as colours and they should be readily accessible to all. Additionally, they should be economical in terms of space used, time, materials and money. This can be seen in Gropius office (1932) as shown below. Bauhaus argues that the necessities of life are the same for most people. Additionally, he states that the home and its furnishings are mass consumer goods and their design is as a result of reason other than a matter of passion. Machines that produce such products use steam and electricity in order to help people from working manually when producing their daily needs as well as to provide them with cheap products that are better than those produced by hand. According to Conrads (96), Bauhaus workshops are laboratories that are suitable for production of mass products, which are well developed and can be improved with time. An illustration of Bauhaus workshop is as shown below. According to Conrads (96), the Bauhaus represents that the contrast between the industry and the crafts is less marked by the difference in tools used than by the division of labor in the industry, as well as the quality of the work in the crafts. The past crafts have changed, and new ones are expected to emerge in a new and productive industry in which they will carry out work for industrial production. The experiments in the laboratory workshops will produce models and prototypes that will be implemented in the factories to produce quality work. Moreover, the products that have been produced in the Bauhaus are also been produced in other firms with are closely related to Bauhaus. Some of the architectural features that describe a new building according to Le Corbusier houses designs include the supports, the roof gardens, the free designing of the plan, the free design of the facade and the horizontal window. For the supports, it is necessary to distinguish between the non-supporting and the supporting elements,

SABMiller Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

SABMiller Analysis - Case Study Example The external environment for SABMiller in 2010 was conflicted by the inability to differentiate certain products in its portfolio of brands, namely the light beer categories, which accounts for 40 percent of total beer sales in the U.S; a significant volume. In Western Europe, well-established premium brands were estimated to be driving consumer demand based on their buying trends. This was a difficulty considering that new executive leadership worked toward reducing the Miller brand portfolio from 50 down to just 10 or 12 products. Divestment of premium brands that occurred during the earlier part of the 2000s seemed to limit the ability of SABMiller to re-establish brand presence for low-performing beer. Clearly, SABMiller is affected by the consumer behaviour preferences driven by trends or consumption patterns and must reengineer processes to meet these changing demands. In 2010, it was also clear that SABMiller is impacted by events in the external market, such as South African AIDS pandemics, confidence in certain currency markets related to the stock market and trading, and other events that limit their short-term potential to gain revenue and/or market share. However, SABMiller understood these limitations and worked to leverage other activities to the best of their ability, especially considering that some external events like the AIDS scenario was completely outside of the control of strategic leadership and focus. Additionally, the external market was driven by joint ventures from some of the major players in the beer industry, thus limiting the ability to consider this a quality strategy that had once served them well, such as with Coors and other brands. Even though these had short-term revenue opportunities and cost reduction improvements, or streamlining operational functions, their long-term value was diminishing. The external market provided opportunities to combine resources with competition, however this strategy has long-term brand problems at the marketing level when similarly-priced products in a joint venture are competing with one another. Thus, finding new opportunities based on the external market characteristics were becoming increasingly difficult to innovate and implement. SABMiller’s competitive advantage SABMiller’s competitive advantage had been the ability to coordinate resources for acquisitions in order to extend their portfolio of brands across Europe, em erging economies and the United States. This drove considerable success from 2001 until 2009, such as the acquisition of Grolsch, Sarmat Brewery in the Ukraine, and multiple brewery purchases in the Chinese market. As indicated by the company’s cash flow statements, the improvement in total brand portfolios gave it more resources to seek acquisitions as a strategy for long-term growth and opportunity in emerging economies and locally. SABMiller fits the profile of a strategic leader when it comes to seeking opportunity through acquisition and divesting poor performing brands when required through external analysis and business process reengineering.

Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Coursework - Essay Example Cotton was far from the only good that was being manufactured in droves, it was however, seen as the â€Å"pacemaker of industrial change† (Hobsbon, ,p. 34). Industrialization became the reason many settlements were created, those same settlements can be seen as large urban cities today. Industries owned by the working class became more prominent, along with all kinds of other factories. Cotton industry subsequently went onto grow into diversity. There were silk products, wool came into view and the domestic cotton industry got a boom during the 1700 when a ban was placed on imports. By 1770 over 90 per cent of all cotton exports were being fed to the colonial markets that existed under the British rule. While it was planted outside of Europe, the production took place inside it and hence the profits went to them as well. Technology also advanced and machinery was upgraded, things like weaving came into play as the situation changed. Several small changes are what collectively made up the industrial revolution. Hobson attributed the advances during the industrial revolution in part to the slavery, colonialism and the hold Europe had over the world. 3.1 This was one of the first results I found when I googled the key words: industrial revolution. The search engine for google is extremely efficient and turned over around 6,580,000 hits in 0.38 seconds only. The results ranged from simple web pages, to book results on books.google.com and simple articles and papers other students had done on the subject. The search engine page at first glance seemed to be a miracle because of the amount of material it provided. Google.com as a search engine was very effective at bringing out results but the relevancy of these results is what I have issues with. You can find just about anything you want to find through google.com but you need to spend a good amount of time getting to the link that’s

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Key Elements Of Hitchcock's Style - Essay Example "He's a prophet and a pusher - partly true, partly fiction, a walking contradiction." - Kris Kristoferson - quoted by Betsy in Taxi Driver (1976). Key elements of Hitchcock's style that promote the idea that he is an auteur of the cinematic medium are: 1) the way in which his passion and dedication to his own vision superceded external influences at the time to break new ground within the film industry. 2) The degree to which he directly participated in the film's creation. 3) His technical and theoretical consistencies across a range of films - including his innovative use of camera angles and movements to establish mood, his use of distortion and the uncanny to evokie feelings of suspense and horror, his use of timing to build anticipation, his refusal to adhere to standard narrative forms and his ability to utilise scenery, sound, aesthetics and symbolism to create a unified effect for a common purpose. Throughout Vertigo and Blackmail, Alfred Hitchcock's directorial fingerprint c an be evidenced in each film's cinematic techniques, aesthetic vision, dominant themes and stylistic consistencies. Each of these ingredients comprise Hitchcock's identity and classification within the theoretical school of auteurism - whereby the politique des auteurs ("the policy of authors")(Rohmer & Chabrol, 1957, 95) in the text. is governed by the director's own creative vision - bearing their own trademark style and transcending the limitations of mainstream demands and corporate economic considerations.

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management Essay - 1

Department of Maritime and Logistics Management - Essay Example Businesses tend to opt for air cargo due to quick and safe on time delivery. The cargo handling and processing procedure is critical as goods need to be transported elegantly and safely (Wensveen, 2012,p.14). Airlines throughout the globe ensure to deliver best cargo services as revenue generation from cargo is more than passengers’ shipment. The purpose of this paper is to elucidate about the acquisitions and deployment of aircrafts into the fleets. The key factors involved in the aircrafts addition to the fleets have been elaborated. Furthermore, the air cargo handling procedure along with the difference from handling passengers and luggage is demonstrated. The intention remains to present the entire view about the airlines logistics management. Acquisitions and Deployment of Aircrafts: The addition of aircrafts into the fleet is a matter of serious concern for the organization. Several elements need to be examined before taking this step. Initially the need and requirement paradigm is explored. The strategic business units dig in that either it is adequate and necessary to pursue for this step or not. The organizational expeditions are certainly expanded by opting for the option of adding aircrafts into the fleet. The mergers and acquisitions in the airlines industry have not worked out pretty well in the past. The only successful merger was of Air France with KLM in 2004, making it Air France KLM. The newly merged company escorted for adding new aircrafts into the fleet but that decision was made after one year operations collectively (Gudmundsson, 2010, p.48). The management of aircrafts previously became an issue for the organization but they sorted it out by inaugurating information systems into the firm. All the operations were virtually connected and scheduling of flights and delivery of cargo was certainly more transparent and viable. After getting heads up in the respective area, Air France KLM went to the addition of aircrafts into the fleet (Romano, 2012, p.23). Some of the key factors that need to be considered airline’s decision in adding aircrafts into the fleet are given below. Organizational Status: The airlines need to determine that either it is internally strong enough to deploy and acquire aircrafts into the fleet. The strategic business department of the airline needs to watch this matter deeply and scrutinize that either is the organization capable to handle the load. The requirement aspect wants to be covered too. The addition of aircrafts into the fleet without acknowledging, that either airlines market position is stable or not is vital. The organization propensity and tendency is crucial too. The addition of aircrafts requires expansion in staff and more finances for the organization. Some of the airlines go for acquisition and deployment step without working on these steps (Borken-Kleefeld, Berntsen and Fuglestvedt, 2010, p.5702). The precise understanding of the magnitude of coming events is imp ortant in the airlines industry. There are several external and internal factors that affect business endeavors of airlines industry, so it is eminent for the firms to concisely acknowledge the organizational status before stepping into something deep. The customers and business requirement is secondary issue but it is of much more significance. Airlines should have well equipped technological setup that would create synergy between the

The Management of Corporate Security (To what extent is it important Essay

The Management of Corporate Security (To what extent is it important that security managers have a good understanding of the lat - Essay Example In order for a corporate protection to be effective, there has to be an excellent perceptive of the matters that are taking place in the civilization. The company has to be responsive of the surroundings and what is taking place in the general public (McCrie 2006). This paper is going to analyze the extend of understanding that security managers have to go in the latest politics, economy, society, technology, ecology and legal (P.E.S.T.E.L) trends and developments that shall be seen as important for the corporate security. Cybercrimes Many reports have come out in the recent news that computer has now been a target in committing crimes. These are the kinds of crime that put in use a computer and a network where there are several computers interlinked with one another (Santanam, Sethumadhavan and    Virendra 2011). These offences are committed against individuals and in most cases against groups like the corporations. It is always the responsibility of any corporation to make sure t hat the security and close functioning of all the company’s affairs are well overseen. This is in terms of the continuity, safety and the most importantly the security (Santanam, Sethumadhavan and    Virendra 2011). These crimes threaten the security of these companies and also their finances. The issues that are found in this mode of crime are like cracking, copyright infringement et cetera. For the corporations, governments and other non-state bodies that engage in these illegal actions, they always engage in espionage, financial theft and some other cross-border crimes (Santanam, Sethumadhavan and    Virendra 2011). According to Santanam, Sethumadhavan and Virendra (2011), in today’s world, things are much connected than before. For a corporation to be able to engage in its deals and make much profit it needs to have a reliable communication channel with the outside world. This raises the risks of falling into theft, fraud and other abuses that are committed in the cyber world where almost all communications are handled (Santanam, Sethumadhavan and    Virendra 2011). Therefore, there is crucial importance in understanding the different areas in society like politics and economy at a broader view because as the management of this corporation is becoming more and more reliant on the latest technologies, there is also becoming extremely vulnerable to the cyber attacks. Corporate security breaches These occur when the hackers exploit the employees through means of some social engineering and other scams (Cubbage and  Brooks 2012). Since late eighties, computer crimes that have been politically motivated have been growing rapidly. These kinds of threats arise from the states and individuals or certain groups that are tired in some political agendas. These is clearly depicted or demonstrated as in 2007 cyber attacks against Estonia (Cubbage and  Brooks 2012). There were enormous disruptions to the public services like banking services and some communicating services. The United Kingdom is one of the developed nations that depend on its own information infrastructure, as one mode of delivering world power both in the financial realm and political arena. The threat was realized in the year 2008, and it did not only center on the secrets of the state but also to the commercial and economic interests (Cubbage and  Brooks 2012). Owing to these, companies like those that deal with finance,

Mozart's Background Leading Up to Don Giovanni Coursework

Mozart's Background Leading Up to Don Giovanni - Coursework Example During the seventeenth century, London was full of Italian opera. English composers did little to counter this trend. Most of the music that was sung in English was composed in an Italian manner. Arsinoe was such an example, which was sung with recitatives in place of spoken dialogue, and was the first of such opera to come to the London stage. As more performances were held, still Italian opera dominated English opera.Mozart concentrated in performing operas. Mozart’s opera production made a great change in English opera. Â  Later, people performing in music were differentiated, depending on details of rhythm, harmony, and accompaniment. Even the tone of the voice was used. Mozart had a skill that no other composer equaled to. his ensemble finale represented a section in which all the lines of the action were brought together and driven more and more swiftly to a climax or to the final solution of the plot, involving the appearance on the stage of all the characters, singly and in various combinations but in increasing numbers and excitements as the end of the act approached. Mozart’s music differs from Italian opera buffa and follows a general pattern indicated2. Mozart’s operas led to Mozart’s Don Giovanni, an operatic masterpiece full of iconic and mythical tensions. The opera had both the aesthetic and moral legacies.Mozart had an opportunity to listen to every kind of music which was written and heard in Western Europe during the many tours that he made alongside with his father. Mozart’s father had made numerous tours across Europe, alongside his family, Mozart included. Therefore, everywhere they stopped, Mozart had an opportunity to listen to music that was written and heard in that town. At each stop, Mozart acquired all the music that was not available in Salzburg, his birthplace. Mozart also met musicians who introduced him to new ideas and techniques of music. It is through these ideas that Mozart was capable of developing an excellent musical career that inculcated almost all the genres of music. For instance, Mozart imitated the music of Johana Schobert while they made a stopover in Paris, during one of their tours across Europe. Â  

Lyndon B. Johnson Essay Example for Free

Lyndon B. Johnson Essay Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidential reign began with the assassination of former president John F. Kennedy in 1963. While the people of the United States tried to recover from the loss of Kennedy, Johnson used it to his advantage. Many citizens did not notice that this was being done, and some even wonder if Johnson himself knew he was using it to his advantage. By him telling America that Kennedy would have wanted the Great Society, the people believed him and went through with it. Many things, both good an bad came out of the Great Society. The Great Society was Johnson’s way of fixing the problems in America, that being the political, emotional and mostly the social problems. Johnson used the nations grief to pass the civil rights bill. It had the same idea of the bill Kennedy was planning on passing, but the difference was that Johnson’s was stronger and more powerful. This act was passed in July of 1964, and it outlawed radical discrimination in all public places. Places that included hotels, and restaurants, it banned the discrimination of unions, and the employers and even programs that were funded by the federal government. The civil rights act was not the only thing passed in 1964 though, he also passed the Economic Opportunity Act. As seen in document B, the act was made to help people in poverty. It started head start, a preschool program funded by the government, and gave workers and farmers money to break through and escape from poverty. It improved what was being done in our nation at that time, and became a milestone for our 180-year search for a better life for our people. With these couple of acts being formed it did help our poverty rates change. When you look at document H you can see that in 1959 before Johnson’s presidency, the poverty rate was at 55.1 for blacks, 18.1 for whites, and 53.3 for all non-whites. Once the acts were formed the rates went down a little and were recorded in 1966 by about 15 percent except for whites, the whites only went down 7 percent. They kept decreasing until 1974 where they were last recorded in the document at 29.5 percent for all non-whites, 31.4 for blacks, and 8.9 for whites. The white race was effected the most by this and they decreased the most out of all of races. Now with the change of the  poverty rates, Johnson also tried to help with medical prices. He started insurance programs such as Medicare for seniors and Medicaid for the poor. Document A shows Abraham Ribcoff testifying before the House of Representatives about the prices of medical care. The discovery of more advanced medical sciences and life spans lasting longer, the elders and poor need more help paying these bills and with Medicare and Medicaid help will be provided. Now the Great Society was a huge deal during Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency. Probably because it had a huge impact on America to this day. Johnson poured millions, even billions of dollars into building a perfect society. While he was putting money into this, he was spending money trying to help with the Vietnam War. Document E is a perfect cartoon of what was happening in the time period. Johnson knew that we could not win the war, but he kept us fighting. Many lives were lost, and more and more money was spilt into it. The idea of his Great Society fed right into the war. So much money was lost into the US economy and it is money that we have not gotten back. People were disappointed with Johnson because he kept us fighting, but he did not under their anger. In document F, an interview of Johnson in 1967, he states, â€Å"How is it possible that all these people could be so ungrateful to me after I had given them so much?† He has a point where he had done a lot, but t his was nothing compared to the pain families had felt over their loved ones. Johnson was not the only political figure during this ear that made a strong impact on civil rights. Several supreme court cases were occurring at this time between the Miranda rights, and when Plessy was overturned by Brown. Along with Baker v. Carr and Engel v. Vitale. All of these impacted women and blacks. Betty Freedan was against the perfect life idea for women. Where they need to be the perfect wife for their husbands and how it was every woman’s dream. Betty had this life and it was not her dream. Blacks wanted full rights, no more segregation between them. With these two together the civil rights movement began. More information on these two groups are found in document C and D. Johnson faced a lot during his presidency, and he made it through all of it. He made a large impact on American’s life. Economically he put us into a severe struggle, but he did help with medical care, and schooling for children. Socially we now have equal rights, and the civil rights movement did work after a while. We all get along in schools and those movements started it all. Politically he was not the best president, but they all have ups and downs. My own opinion, Johnson was an okay president. Life was difficult then, but many of those difficult things made the life we live today a lot better.

Peace And Stability In Afghanistan Politics Essay

Peace And Stability In Afghanistan Politics Essay Even after almost eight years of international communitys efforts in Afghanistan the instability and turbulence has increased rather than abated. Not only has Afghanistan seen ever increasing levels of violence and loss of life the virus of instability and culture of violence has also spread across the Durand line with hardly any silver line on the horizon. A deadly insurgency, higher opium production, increasing civilian casualties, rampant corruption, an unstable neighbourhood and an uncertain political future remain the defining features of the complex and combustible situation that obtains in Afghanistan. Much of the initial euphoria generated after the fall of Taliban in 2001 has dissipated and those advances made in the fields of education and womens rights have been overshadowed. The prospects for preventing Afghanistan from being sucked into this whirlpool of chaos appear bleaker than ever.  [1]   2. Americas Af-Pak policy which was announced in end of March 2009, needs to be scrutinised to gauge its progress and success or otherwise. The main pillars of this strategy were based on not only in increase of force levels but also on increase of the resources devoted to economic development and coordination among international donors building Afghan governing structures primarily at local level reforming the Afghan government expanding and reforming the Afghan security forces and trying to improve Pakistans efforts to curb militant activity on its soil. The strategy also included negotiations with Taliban figures that were willing to enter the political process. After the Presidential election there is a need to again review the security, governance and development and aid structures and delivery mechanisms. 3. Major factor impacting the situation in Afghanistan is the continued resurgence of Taliban due to a host of contextual factors. The Taliban is estimated to have a permanent presence in 72 per cent of Afghanistan; its hold being strang not only in its bastions of the South but also in the East, where it literally runs a parallel government. Moreover the insurgency is spreading in a manner in which it has begun to ring the capital city of Kabul, with three of the four main roads leading to Kabul being rendered ensafe for Afghan or International travel. Successes against the Taliban, whether military or of winning hearts and minds have been limited as the Taliban appear to be striking at will with lethal forcw and is increasingly successful in the propaganda war. 4. Governance is another area where the noramal populace has been disillusioned with current dispensation. Endemic corruption plaguing much of the government machinery, especially the police and judiciary, both of which effect the evreryday life of the common man, has undermined credibility of the elected government and helped build up a degree of local support which stems more out of the Talibans ability to fill in the governance vacuum as opposed to ideological support for their cause. 5. Developmental aid has been delivered to Afganisthan in vast quantities but it is not visible on the ground. Fruits of this aid have yet to be tasted by the common people. Bonn process was followed by London Compact and there is an Afghan National Development Strategy (ANDS) for 15 years ahead but the timelines and benchmarks outlined in the same have not been adhered to. And the economic aid promised to realize the ANDS has also not been delivered whereas there is a massive spending by the NATO and Coalition forces to the tune of about US $20 billion a month. 6. How can, therefore, the international community improve on the delivery mechanisms and implementation measures? This remains one of the key questions in the current conundrum of security and development complicated further by weak governance. Surge indevelopment and aid funds and personnel planned as part of the Af-Pak strategy may help but some of the contextual core issues would yet need to be addressed before a positive outcome could be expected. 7. Looking at a wider perspective, how do the regional stake holders view the Afghan imbroglio? How can their varying perceptions be reconciled for the cause of common good? 8. Further, the presence of safe havens in Pakistans lawless frontier regions have played a seminal role in sustaining the insurgency in Afghanistan and fuelling instability in Pakistan, thus making it impossible to visualize a solution to the Afghan quagmire in isolation. 9. Given the above background what could be alternative future scenarios in Afghanistan say in next 4 to 5 years time and 8 to 10 years time keeping in mind the trends and drivers and possible triggers? Based on the emerging scenarios what should be the international communitys policy and strategy choices to ensure a favourable outcome? A broad range of critical issues affecting the Afghan environment need to be examined before a determination as to how to proceed further can be made. 10. Broadly, therefore, the seminar on peace and stability in Afghanistan and the way ahead is built around four themes of security, governance and examination of likely future scenarios and offering recommendations for policy and strategy choices which can be made now so as to move towards a better and brighter future for Afghanistan and in effect for rest of the international community. METHODOLOGY Statement of Problem 11. To analyze the effects of likely political instability in Afghanistan post withdrawal of International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and its implications for India and policies that India needs to adopt to deal with this problem. Justification of Study 12. United States is increasing getting impatient in the affairs of Afghanistan wherein its policies are not delivering the desired results. It is likely to reduce its foot prints in that country and has accordingly set a deadline for withdrawal of ISAF. 13. The goal of US in Afghanistan is to defeat Al Qaeda and deny them the bases in that country, so as to improve its own homeland security. As per US, achievement of this goal is not dependent on creating an environment of political reconciliation in Afghanistan, which is difficult and time consuming. Rather its goal can be achieved by entering into an agreement with one entity: Taliban, who may agree to keep Al Qaeda out in exchange of returning back to power. Hypothesis 14. The return of Taliban or any civil war post de-induction of ISAF would hurt India dearly. India would prefer a sovereign, democratic secular Afghanistan which is not under the influence of powers inimical to our interests. 15. Therefore, India must ensure that the world community does not abandon Afghanistan at this crucial juncture and continue to provide for its political reconciliation and rehabilitation. In this regard, deployment of UN sponsored security forces with a much larger agenda than the ISAF is looked into, so as to allow the country to become strong both politically and economically. Methods of Data Collection 16. The study is primarily based on information gathered from books written by prominent Indian, foreign authors as well as information available on the internet. There has also been an attempt by me to analyse the events as they have unfolded and suggest possible options and own responses. Other sources of information are articles written in Indian, Pakistani, Western newspapers and news services such as the CNN and BBC as well as some defence journals. A bibliography of the sources is appended at the end of the text. Afghanistan being a very current topic has undergone a series of ups and downs during the course of my preparation of the dissertation. The Bonn Agreement is very relevant in todays context and is also attached as an appendix. Scope 17. The study will be covered under the following heads:- Chapter I Introduction Chapter II Geo strategic importance of Afghanistan to India Strategic location of Afghanistan Key to Energy Security Pakistans desire of achieving strategic depth by having control over Afghanistans polity Chapter III Brief history of Afghanistan post 9/11 Defeat of Taliban and set up of new Government Role of Pakistan in combating terrorism Chapter IV : Present imbroglio in Afghanistan. Failure of US policies in Afghanistan Growing frustration amongst US and NATO forces Poor governance by Karzai and growth of Taliban Chapter V : Likely Future Scenarios and Implications for India Withdrawal of US forces and re emergence of Taliban Depletion of US footprint and renewed violence Pakistan getting foothold in Afghanistan and involvement of Al Qaida in Kashmir Indian involvement reduced with a hostile government in Afghanistan Chapter VII Options Available To India Make efforts to ensure continuous presence of International security force in Afghanistan Involving UN in peace establishment in Afghanistan Continuing support to government in Afghanistan by undertaking rebuilding projects Chapter VIII : Conclusion. CHAPTER II BRIEF HISTORY OF AFGHANISTAN POST 9/11 OP Enduring Freedom On September 20, 2001, in the wake of the September 11 attacks, US President George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack. The Taliban demanded evidence of Bin Ladens link to the September 11 attacks and, if such evidence warranted a trial, they offered to handle such a trial in an Islamic Court. The US refused to provide any evidence. Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces along with UK and coalition allies invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On October 7, 2001, the official invasion began with British and US forces conducting air strike campaigns. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of Eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, the US and her allies fought within that region. Its believed that Osama bin-Laden escaped into Pakistan duri ng the battle. In March 2002, the United States and other NATO and non-NATO forces launched Operation Anaconda in the hopes that theyll destroy any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the Shahi-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. The Taliban suffered heavy casualties and evacuated the region. The Taliban regrouped in Western Pakistan and began to unleash an insurgent-style offensive against the United States and her allies in late 2002. Formation of Civialian Government After Operation Enduring Freedom, Mujahideen loyal to the Northern Alliance and many other groups mustered support for a new government in Afghanistan. In December 2001, political leaders gathered in Germany to agree on new leadership structures for Afghanistan. Under the Bonn Agreement, an interim Transitional Administration was formed and Hamid Karzai was named the Chairman of a 29-member governing committee. On 13 June 2002, the Loya Jirga, appointed Karzai as the Interim President of the Afghan Transitional Administration.[28] The former members of the Northern Alliance remained extremely influential in the new dispensation. Hamid Karzai won the 2004 presidential election, and became President of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. He defeated 22 opponents and become the first democratically elected leader of Afghanistan. Although his campaigning was limited due to fears of violence, elections passed without any significant incident in spite of a surge of insurgent activity.] 6. After Karzai was installed into power, his actual authority outside the capital city of Kabul was said to be so limited that he was often derided as the Mayor of Kabul. The situation was particularly delicate since Karzai and his administration had not been equipped either financially or politically to influence reforms outside of the region around the capital city of Kabul. Other areas, particularly the more remote ones, were historically under the influence of various local leaders. Karzai started making attempts to negotiate and form amicable alliances with them for the benefit of Afghanistan as a whole, instead of aggressively fighting them and risking an uprising. CHAPTER III BEGINNING OF CHAOS Americas Miscalculation President Bush, speaking at the Virginia Military Institute in the spring of 2002, proposed a Marshall Plan for Afghanistan and its neighbours that added up to state-building on a regional scale. But the post 9-11 Pentagon long stuck with a narrow, or sharp focus on wiping out Al Qaeda and the Taliban, with a corresponding under-focus on long-term development. Other agencies of the US Government struggled to advance their programs with little coordination either with the Pentagon or with one other, and with much micro-managing by e-mail from offices in Washington. But even had the Pentagon gotten it right or the other agencies been better coordinated, the program would still not have worked, for US policy (and UN policy as well) suffered from a birth defect. When the US finally toppled the Taliban, Tajiks from the Northern Alliance took control of Kabul. In a winner-take-all move, they immediately packed the government with their own supporters and relatives, to the exclusion both of Pashtuns, the largest group in the population, and minority Shia Hazaras. Eager to sidestep all dissension, the UNs Bonn meetings in December, 2001, ratified this dangerous status quo, while the Emergency Loya Jirga, held in June, 2002, then ratified the Bonn conferences mistakes. While U.S. officials talked bravely of working the situation, Northern Alliance leaders in Kabul effectively consolidated their hold on power. Marshall Fahim, confirmed in Bonn as Afghanistans Minister of Defense, kept his own militia lodged in the capital and cut personal deals with like-minded warlords elsewhere, greatly complicating the task of building a national army. Worse, he and his family seized control of key markets and other assets to create their own income stream, independent of Karzai and the Americans. Many Pashtuns, as they watched this unfold and noted their fellow-Pashtun Karzais inability to counteract it, went into a sullen opposition. A few resorted to armed opposition. Since most Taliban leaders had been Pashtun, this gave the appearance of a Taliban revival. In fact, it was worse, a new movement of Pashtuns and other groups aggrieved over having been excluded from the post-Taliban order. Because the US backed Karzai, they blamed their own marginaliza tion on America. This bitter mood gave rise to a new opposition and new insecurity. Charged with rooting out remnants of Al Qaeda and the Taliban, the US worked with whatever forces were at hand, including warlords, postponing to a later phase the achievement of balance within the Kabul government and the consolidation of state institutions. Light Footprint. Afghanistan was the least resourced of any American led nation building operation. There are 1.5 international soldiers for every 1000 persons in Afghanistan compared to 20.5 per 1000 in Kosovo, 19 in Bosnia, 10 in Sierra Leone and nearly 4 in Haiti. Post conflict stabilization operations require more troops and longer time than to win the initial fight. In fighting, firepower and technology enable smaller, more agile forces to prevail. But in post conflict stabilization and reconstruction, there is a need for more ground troops, money and time. Low levels of investment in military power and economic assistance in post conflict reconstruction lead to a low level of security, ineffective governance and poor economic growth. From the outset, two contradictory concepts drove international intervention in Afghanistan. The country was described as the major front of a global war on terror, yet the intervention was light footprint engagement. This light footprint continued to impair every aspect of reconstruction of Afghanistan .Taliban was removed from power, but neither their potential to return nor their external support was addressed. The focus on accomplishing short term security goals undermined the efforts at establishing positive long term trends. Mis governance The general opinion in Afghanistan is that the insurgency is rising because the people have lost faith in government. The security forces have failed to protect local villages and the institutions struggle to deliver basic services. The patience of people with government is breaking down and it in turn is favouring the return of Taliban. The afghan government had difficulty providing essential services to the population, especially in rural areas of the country. As per a World Bank report, the main beneficiary of assistance was the urban elite. This triggered deep seated frustration and resentment among rural population. The government suffered a number of systematic problems and had difficulty attracting and retaining skilled professionals with management and administrative experience. Due to lack of investment and poor maintenance only 6% of the population received electricity. Most efforts were to supply electricity to the urban areas and not to the rural areas which were falling to Taliban. The Afghan government faced challenges providing security outside of the capital. A major reason was the poor state of the Afghan national police. The result was weak security apparatus that could not establish monopoly of the legitimate use of force within the country. The police was not an international priority after the overthrow of the Taliban regime and they received significantly less money and attention than the army. The Afghan police was needed to help establish order in urban and rural areas, but they were heavily out gunned by the insurgent. The police force was plagued with corruption and lacked semblance of a national police force. Pakistani Dimension Pakistan has played a very strong role in Afghanistan in the last three decades, unfortunately, it has been a very negative role. With the fall of Taliban in Afghanistan, Pakistan lost its political clout in that country but it retained its links with the Taliban and actively assisted insurgency in Afghanistan It was only due to intense pressure from America that Pakistan reluctantly agreed to stop aid to Taliban. However, as it became clear later that Pakistan was not committed to end terror. Pakistan decided to hold talks with the militant leaders in Swat and offered to stop all military actions against them. This further fuelled insurgency in Afghanistan and increased attacks on US and NATO forces. Revival of Taliban Almost five years after the defeat of Taliban regime, there was a resurgence of Taliban in 2006. Their return could be divided into three stages through which the group gradually gained momentum especially at the last stage that started in 2006. The first stage, from 2002 to 2003, had a relatively tangible lull. However, there were some small bombings from time to time. In 2003, the Mullah Mohamed Omar launched a new Jihad council comprising of ten military leaders of Taliban. The group could achieve this essential military restructuring cashing in on the US shift of focus towards Iraq. The second stage, from 2004 to 2005, witnessed a number of remarkable activities and developments in tactics of fighting, types of weapons, and the groups deployment in several areas.The Taliban started to carry out some military operations in daylight and managed to fully control some remote areas of south Afghanistan.The third stage, from 2006 to 2007, marked the overwhelming return of the Taliban. The year 2006 was the bloodiest one since the fall of the Taliban, as more than 4, 000 were killed, including one third of civilians. The British-American council for media security reported in a comparison between the years 2005 and 2006 that there was an increase in the attacks on the NATO forces from 900 in 2005 to 2500 attacks in 2006. One of the major achievements of the Taliban in this period of time was that they managed to run peoples affairs in some southern areas establishing a good network and friendly relationships with the residents of the south. Taliban Strategy. Analysts pointed out that Taliban had established a two pronged strategy in Afghanistan. First to re establish its authority over the southern provinces around its former headquarters in Kandahar and second to destabilize a ring of provinces around Kabul. CHAPTER IV US EXIT POLICY AND LIKELY FUTURE SECURITY SCENARIOS Af-Pak Policy On 23 January,2009, American President Mr Obama announced his Af-Pak policy wherein he stressed that his administration was committed in refocusing attention and resources on Afghanistan. The salient features of his policy were: Appointment of special envoy Mr Richard Holbrooke to Pakistan and Afghanistan to help lead US effort to forge and implement strategic and sustainable approach to the region. Pakistan told to destroy the safe heavens for Al-Qaeda and Taliban in the tribal areas bordering Afghanistan. Deployment of 17,000 additional troops in Afghanistan to improve security situation. The American President had laid out a very bold and responsible policy to counter the resurgent Taliban insurgency in Af-Pak region. However, within a short span of one and half years the American policy has undergone a complete change with President himself laying down the withdrawal plan of ISAF( International Security Assistance Force) and the Secretary of State , Mrs Hillary Clinton stressing the need to reintegrate the insurgents in the political mainstream of Afghanistan. This dramatic turnabout of American plans regards Afghanistan is due to various factors, American Losses. The American or the NATO losses have been increasing and with every passing year the Taliban is becoming stronger and stronger. Even though more and more troops have been deployed and more money pumped in but still the attacks on the ISAF are only increasing. The Taliban tactics have now graduated to frontal attacks on US outposts. US Goals in Afghanistanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.There is a profound confusion in America regarding what US goals in Afghanistan ought to be and what the means for resolving those goals should be? The debate is on whether US should focus narrowly on issues of counter terrorism or should they focus on counter terrorism and counter insurgency. It is also being debated whether US should really be engaged in business of state building or can workaround by negotiating with adversaries, the Taliban. These debates in domestic politics are turning against an extended and continuing commitment to Afghanistan. Crisis of Resolution The allies are tired of the Afghan commitment, because they do not understand how the struggle that is going on, in this far away land has an impact on their own security. The urgency that the world felt on 12 September 2001 has weakened with the passage of time. Afghanistan seems too hard, too complex, and too difficult and as the legend goes would continue to be the graveyard of empires. If this is true than why should we and the international community continue to make commitments to a war that by some iron laws of history is ultimately destined to end up in defeat? (d) Crisis of Resources. America is investing heavily in Afghanistan. There is no gainsaying the fact that the commitments to Afghanistan and Pakistan are costly to the US. In 2010, America has committed $65 billion to Afghanistan. If we take into account the aid to Pakistan, the total comes to $85 billion, these are not small commitments. If the lives of troops, wastage of equipment and wear and tear on forces that have been engaged in this theatre are taken into consideration especially at a time when America is in economic crisis itself and the entire world community is struggling with the global crisis, the cost is phenomenal. Many NATO countries are focused on these costs and argue that a way must be found for a quick exit from Afghanistan. This has made the job of US President more difficult. Choices for America The International community and especially America faces two choices for Afghanistan. The first is to invest and endure in Afghanistan and the second is to improve conditions, in order to exit. These are the two strategic choices that US has to contemplate as it talks about the way ahead, as each strategy has a different consequence. Invest and Endure. If US have to carry out this option, then they have to build consensus domestically and internationally on the enduring importance of Afghanistan. All members of international coalition have to commit to the resources required i.e. military, economic and diplomatic institution. This option of invest and endure cannot simply be a military campaign. It has to be an effort to re-constitute societies by changing the counter-insurgency strategy and focusing more on protecting population and minimising collateral damage. Improve and Exit. In case America and other NATO countries decide to improve the conditions in order to exit they will have to adopt a different strategy. The ideological adversaries will not have to be defeated but only kept at bay for sometime inorder to improve conditions. The investments in the institutions, social welfare and democracy would be minimum. Americans have started to realize that military solution is far difficult to achieve as compared to a political solution. They have started saying for quite some time that they want re-conciliation and talks with Taliban if they can lay down their arms. There have been covert contacts with certain Taliban elements, however, it has not produce any results till now. Even President Karzai has realized the precarious state of ISAF and have himself started wooing the Taliban so that his government can last even after the International forces withdraw. . So without clear success how long will American stay? NATO and Afghanistan have recently agreed to fix 2014 as the deadline for troops withdrawal from Afghanistan in a phased manner. They have also clarified that troops can stay in support role even beyond 2014. However, mounting coalition deaths, growing domestic pressure in NATO countries and the increasing differences between Karzai and the west may change the situation. Also, any major military debacle like, a US post being overrun by Taliban or an air crash with significant casualties may immediately catalyze opposition to war. Even the 2012 Presidential elections may require early troop withdrawal in the there is no clear sign of success. Likely Future Scenarios The debate on likely security scenarios emerging in the region post withdrawal of ISAF is gaining momentum in India. Many analysts have generated three plausible scenarios which are likely to emerge post withdrawal of ISAF from Afghanistan. (a) Scenario 1 US withdrawal or draw down of forces Return of the Taliban It is pointed out that in case of a complete US withdrawal, the probability of return of Taliban is not farfetched, thereby condemning Afghanistan to what US analysts describe as the worst case scenario. This would also lead to an emboldening of the Al Qaeda, instability spreading to Pakistan and Central Asia, thus reducing the region to become a base for Al Qaeda operations. (b) Scenario 2- US limited engagement-proxy warà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The most probable scenario beyond 2014 is the reduced US presence in Afghanistan with troops limited to protecting key cities, a shift from overstretched counterinsurgency operations to internal defence. This would allow Pakistan to continue its hedging strategy whereby it will continue supporting the Afghan Taliban to destabilise Afghanistan with the eventual goal of reinstating a pliant regime. Scenario 3- US long term commitments -Building on Afghan state. According to the analysts, this is the best case scenario for Afghanistan, though such a state of affairs is highly unlikely given the reduced public support for the Afghan war in the United States. This would call for additional resources including troops to train and partner with Afghan forces and continuation of the institution building programmes. In this scenario, India could play a long term role in the training of the Afghan national institutions, institutional building political, and security and justice sector reforms. CHAPTER V GEO STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE OF AFGHANISTAN When Allah had made the rest of the world, He saw there was a lot of rubbish left over, bits and pieces and things that did not fit anywhere else. He collected them all together and threw them down on the earth. That was Afghanistan. An old Afghan Saying Geographical Location Afghanistan is a land locked country with Iran to its west, Pakistan to its south and east, China to its north east and the newly independent states of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan to its north. Afghanistan covers an area of 245, 000 square miles and is surrounded by two nuclear states, China and Pakistan, a threshold nuclear state, Iran and having three other nuclear powers in its near vicinity, India, Kazakhstan and Russia. This places Afghanistan in a difficult situation with its neighbours as well other regional and non regional powers vying to get a foothold in the country to spread their influence in the region and the subcontinent. It is also the land bridge between South Asia and Central Asia and possibly to Iran as well. Safe Sanctuary for Islamic Fundamentalism Apart from being the land bridge to central Asia, Afghanistan has been a home to the fundamentalist of various hues and colours ranging from the Jihadis from Kashmir to the Uighur separatists. Afghanistan certainly provided a suitable launch pad for such activities in Central Asia, more so when the Taliban was at the helm of affairs. Taliban played host to Al Qaida and its leader Osama Bin Laden The strengthening of links between militant organisations like IMU (Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan), Al Qaida, the Chechen rebels, Uighur separatists and the Taliban, further compounded the security situation in the region. Energy Resources in Afghanistan In terms of natural resources, Soviets had estimated Afghanistans proven and probable gas reserves at up to five trillion cubic feet. However, the production has been affected by years of war, and new reserves are yet to be located due to lack of any serious exploration having been carried out for the last 30 yrs or so due to the prevailing situation. The northern areas adjoining Central Asia have proven reserves of natural gas estimated at 100 billion cubic meters, the Jar Quduk oil and gas complex being a case in point. Afghanistan also has an estimated coal reserve of up to 400 million tons located between Herat and Badakhshan. However, due to the situation in Afghanistan, the production has remained low and unless serious efforts are made in the near future, Afghanistan will continue to play its historical role of serving more as a transit route for others than as an exporter of its own resources. Oil and Gas Pipelinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The Central Asian republics hold the key to large resources of energy i.e oil and gas. The landlocked nature of these states imposes inherent constraints in unravell

Effects of Improving Workplace Health

Effects of Improving Workplace Health Title: Working for a healthier workplace is a slogan used by the British Occupational Hygiene Society in the UK to promote the profession of occupational hygiene. Discuss how the provision of a healthier workplace can result in a reduction of work related illness and sickness absence. Examine the role of the occupational hygienist in improving workplace health, either as part of a health and safety team in a large organisation or as a consultant employed by a smaller company. Introduction: According to the British Occupational Hygiene Society, ‘Occupational hygiene is about recognizing, evaluating and controlling health hazards arising from work’ (BOHS, 2005). Many occupations require their workers to be exposed to hazardous conditions and evaluating and preventing these dangers of work is the sole aim of all occupational safety associations, committees and councils. In this essay we discuss health, hygiene and safety procedures in different industries and enterprises. For example, in the hospitality and food sectors, the National Food Safety guidelines have to be followed and basic food safety practices have to be maintained (Howard, 2004). Within all areas and sectors, the major competencies and performance criteria point to two areas of workplace rules: Maintaining hygiene procedures – following workplace hygiene procedures in accordance with enterprise standards, legal requirements Storing and handling items according to enterprise requirements and legal obligations. Identifying and preventing hygiene related risks Identifying potential hygiene risks in the job Taking steps to minimize or eliminate the risks associated with lapse of hygienic procedures within the limits of individual responsibility and in accordance with enterprise regulations and legal requirements. Reporting hygiene risks and procedural dangers as identified to the appropriate authority such as the occupational hygiene consultant. Identifying risks, maintaining hygiene procedures, preventing and controlling risks and reporting hygiene related dangers are the major hygiene related regulations that should be followed within any industry. We will discuss specific hygiene related risks and hygiene procedures within different industries and sectors. In the course of our discussion, we will examine: 1. The type and extent of workplace health problems in the UK and other countries; 2. Provide an overview of technical and organisational control measures; 3. The benefits and limitations of exposure monitoring; 4. The benefits and limitations of health surveillance programmes; and 5. The role of the occupational hygienist in developing healthy workplace strategies. Occupational Hygiene – Issues and Procedures According to the International Occupational Hygiene Association, Occupational Hygiene is defined as ‘the discipline of anticipating, recognising, evaluating and controlling health hazards in the working environment with the objective of protecting worker health and well-being and safeguarding the community at large.’ Occupational hygiene involves the proper identification of hazardous and harmful elements or agents used within a work environment which can be of physical, chemical or biological nature and can cause serious diseases, discomfort or even death due to exposure to these dangerous elements; evaluating the risks involved due to exposure to these hazardous agents; and control of hygiene related risks to prevent disease, death or ill health in the long term (Liberman and Gordon, 1989). The phrase is used synonymously with industrial hygiene and a company usually requires the consultation of a trained industrial or occupational hygienist to maintain the legal and procedural requirements of hygiene in the workplace. The Workplace Hygiene Charter managed by the Occupational Safety and Health Council provides the framework for occupational health and safety standards that have to be followed by all industrial sectors. The Charter provides the following criteria for employers and employees to meet workplace hygiene standards: Workplace Cleanliness in terms of clean environment and regular cleaning and dusting facilities Free of Accumulated Water – any water accumulated due to rain or other reasons should be removed to prevent insect breeding or other conditions detrimental to health Refuse Collection – the garbage should be collected regularly to maintain a clean environment in the workplace Drinking Facilities- drinking water should not be contaminated and should be clean and free of germs Pantry – food available within office precincts as in canteen should be prepared in a hygienic manner and high quality foodstuff should be used Pest Control – any presence of pests, insects or germs should be noted and removed with the help of professional pest control agencies, if required Ventilation – proper clean air and air circulation recommended Sanitary Conveniences – clean toilets and quick disposal of sanitary wastes are necessary Workplace Hygiene Information – this sort of information should be shared among professionals to increase awareness Maintenance and Monitoring – proper maintenance of workplace equipments and facilities and regular monitoring or checking of these facilities have also been recommended by the Charter. According to a Government White paper published by the Department of Health, ‘Twomillionpeoplesufferanillnesstheybelieve hasbeencausedby, ormadeworseby, theirwork. The paper produced as a report by the Department of Health suggests that although beinginwork, rather than being unemployed generallyleadsto betterhealth, notallworkplacescan be considered as healthy.There is considerable evidence and many research studies to show that lack of job control, monotonous and repetitive work, and imbalance in efforts and reward are all associated with health problems, chronic disease and coronary heart disease. The importance of job satisfaction has been highlighted as primary in promoting occupational health. Thus although work is generally considered good for people’s health, poor health and safety management and lack of a pleasant work environment increases risks of occupational hazards, diseases and injury. The DH government report further asserts that stress related conditions and musculoskeletal disorders are now the commonest causes of work related sick leave. Any focus on stress however can be counterproductive as it can lead to failure to tackle underlying causes of problems in the workplace. The problems and complex issues at the workplace can cause stress and affect people’s wellbeing leading to physical and mental ill health. Official Industry guides to general safety and hygiene practices show different hygiene procedures recommended for different industries. In a survey of hygiene knowledge among 1000 catering workers carried out by the Food Standards Agency in 2002, suggest that: More than a third of staff (39%) neglect to wash their hands after visits to the lavatory whilst at work. Half of all those interviewed (53%) did not appear to wash their hands before preparing food. Less than two thirds (59%) of the catering workers questioned had a certificate in basic food hygiene. Only 32% believed good food hygiene practices were important to their business compared with 64% who saw good food as the key to keeping their customers. (Source: Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002) Within the workplace in case of food and hospitality industries safe and hygienic handling of food and beverage, regular hand washing, proper method of storing food to prevent contamination, using appropriate and clean clothing, avoiding contamination from food or to food stuffs, appropriate and careful handling of garbage, safe disposal of garbage, linen and maintaining standard sanitising procedures and personal hygiene are essential (Smith et al, 2005). The specific hygiene related risks in a food or hospitality industry can be bacterial contamination due to poor handling and storage, storage at wrong temperatures, uncovered or exposed foodstuffs, poor personal hygiene practice in the workers, poor cleaning and housekeeping processes and no protection against dust, insects or contaminated wastes. Poorly disposed garbage or inappropriate handling of waste or contaminated materials can lead to potential hygiene hazards. Apart from regular monitoring, control measures to improve hygienic practices in all industry sectors include: Providing training and knowledge to staff on hygiene related issues and auditing staff skills, ensuring that policies, regulations and procedures both of the enterprise and legal systems are followed strictly by staff members, maintaining audits of incidents, related to occupational hazards and hygiene and following up on progress of affected workers suffering ill health or disease due to occupational risks encountered (Taylor, 2004). However even if monitoring and regular checks to prevent occupational hazards have their own advantages, there are limitations to which this can be attained as there may be practical problems associated with maintaining safety procedures at the workplace. An example is given by the British Occupational Hygiene Society and the organisation’s website shows a problem too common in tropical agriculture and work in this area. The picture shows a man spraying pesticides on rice, but not wearing adequate protection (because of the heat and humidity), and many pesticides can be absorbed through the skin as well as by inhalation and affect safety of the workers. This is a very good example of the risks involved in certain occupations that necessitate direct encounter with harmful chemicals because of the nature of the job. Yet, as seen from this example, despite knowledge of the hazards and the safety procedures involved, the conditions may not be conducive to use all the safety measur es and thus the hazards continue to remain in many cases. One of the ways of monitoring and checking for occupational hazards and work related illness is by health surveillance measures taken by employers (Murphy et al, 2002). According to the Health and Safety executive (HSE), health surveillance is about closely monitoring for early signs of work-related ill health in employees who are exposed to certain health risks. This involves using certain procedures that include: Ã ¢ simple methods such as looking for skin damage on hands from using certain harmful chemicals; Ã ¢ technical checks on employees, such as hearing tests; Ã ¢ detailed medical examinations to diagnose deep rooted or chronic illnesses.(HSE, 2005) Health surveillance is more than general health checks and can be done by the employees themselves or by occupational hygienists. In general health surveillance is especially recommended for prolonged exposure to loud noise or hand-arm vibration as in automobile or electronics industries; exposure to solvents, fumes, dust, biological agents and substances harmful to health as in chemical or agricultural industries; exposure to asbestos, lead or work in compressed air as in mechanical or electrical jobs and exposure to ionising radiations and diving as in marine or nuclear industries. Considering all the aspects of identifying, controlling and managing and reporting risks and health hazards in occupations, the role of the occupational hygienist takes centre stage. The British Occupational Hygiene Society has promoted a slogan for a safer and healthier workplace. As we have seen from Department of Health publications and Workplace Hygiene Charter maintaining hygienic, safe and healthy conditions at the workplace is a basic requirement and the hazard preventive techniques have also been highlighted. The primary role of the occupational and industrial hygienist in promoting awareness about hygiene and safety related issues and in monitoring safety procedures and facilities as well as identifying the risks of conditions seem to focus on the growing importance of a management process in promoting safety of workers. Schulte et al. (2004) discuss the implications of knowledge management in creation, assessment, transfer and utilization of knowledge to address specific challenges. Knowledge management has been considered as a manageable asset and the authors suggest that occupational hygiene knowledge itself being specialised also represents a manageable asset in companies and occupational hygiene should be appraised in terms of knowledge management. Considering this, the role of the occupational hygienist or consultant who is primarily responsible for promoting or spreading this awareness and transfers knowledge as an asset to the employees at large, is extremely important. The hygienist manages, controls, distributes and utilizes knowledge for risk assessment, evaluation and control of the situation. However things may just be improving as there is increased awareness on safety and hygiene issues at the workplace. Williams et al (2005) describe the changes in awareness in occupational hazards and risks of exposure. They found that workers who were directly involved in manufacturing operations in a chemical manufacturing facility in the US from 1976 to 1987 had likely TWA or time weighted average exposures to benzene of about 2ppm from 1976-1981 and 1ppm from 1982-1987. Their results seem to be consistent with improved industrial hygiene programs at chemical facilities and better awareness about this issue following adoption of stricter occupational exposure limits. Conclusion: In this study we discussed the administrative, managerial and legislative procedures related to health and safety issues at the workplace. In this context we discussed regulations related to hygiene within the different sectors and the corresponding risks in different industries. The regulations for a healthier and safer workplace as put forward by the Department of Health and the slogan for a healthier and improved workplace by the British Occupational Hygiene Society are examined in the context of changing regulations, increased awareness and a more responsible role of the occupational hygienist. The practical problems of following control and preventative measures of risks have been shown and the role of the occupational hygienist has been emphasised in promoting awareness and a healthier safer workplace. Bibliography: Ashford, Nicholas Askounes.1976 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970 Crisis in the workplace :occupational disease and injury : a report to the Ford Foundation /Nicholas Askounes Ashford. Cambridge, Mass. ;London :M.I.T. Press,1976. 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VINCENT , 2004 An Exploratory Study of Changing Occupational Injury Risk during the Closure of Industrial Operations Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 623-633(11) Oxford University Press Murphy E.; Harrison J.; Beach J. , 2002 Implementation of statutory occupational respiratory health surveillance Occupational Medicine, Volume 52,Number 8, December 2002, pp. 497-502(6) Oxford University Press D. Proctor; J. Panko; E. Liebig; D. Paustenbach, 2004 Estimating Historical Occupational Exposure to Airborne Hexavalent Chromium in a Chromate Production Plant: 1940–1972 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 1,Number 11, November 2004, pp. 752-767(16) Taylor and Francis Ltd Ridley, J.; Channing, J. (eds). 1999 Occupational Health and Hygiene Safety at Work Series, Volume 3 Elsevier Publications Smith, T. A.; Kanas, R. P.; McCoubrey, I. A.; Belton, M. E. 2005 Code of practice for food handler activities Occupational Medicine, Volume 55,Number 5, August 2005, pp. 369-370(2) Oxford University Press P. A. SCHULTE; T. J. LENTZ; V. P. ANDERSON; A. D. LAMBORG, 2004 Knowledge Management in Occupational Hygiene: The United States Example Annals of Occupational Hygiene, Volume 48,Number 7, October 2004, pp. 583-594(12) Oxford University Press Taylor, Geoffrey A. 2004 Enhancing occupational safety and health /Geoffrey A. Taylor, Kellie Easter and Roy Hegney. Oxford :Butterworth-Heinemann,2004. Characterizing Historical Industrial Hygiene Data: A Case Study Involving Benzene Exposures at a Chemical Manufacturing Facility (1976–1987) Williams, Pamela; Paustenbach, Dennis Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Volume 2,Number 7, July 2005, pp. 341-350(10) Taylor and Francis Ltd Websites: British Occupational Hygiene Society http://www.bohs.org/ Health and Safety Executive http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/ DH publication – Choosing Health White Paper, 2005 http://www.dh.gov.uk/PublicationsAndStatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidanceArticle/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4094550chk=aN5Cor Catering Workers Hygiene Survey, 2002 Food Standards Agency www.food.gov.uk Workplace Hygiene Charter – Occupational Safety and Health Council http://www.oshc.org.hk/ International Occupational Hygiene Association www.ioha.com