Humans Screwed Up essays

Humans Screwed Up essays PEOPLE ARE THE MOST DISGUSTING CREATURES ON THE FACE OF THE EARTH. YET WE ARE CLASSIFIED AS ANIMALS. ANIMALS, IN THE SENSE THAT WE TEND TO THINK OF THEM IN, AS NON-HUMAN ANIMALS, ARE BEAUTIFUL WHERE WE COULD NEVER BE. HUMANS ARE THE ONLY ANIMALS THAT TRULY ALTER THEIR ENVIRONMENT AND MAKE THEMSELVES A COMPLETELY ARTIFICIAL LIVING SPACE. WE PAVE OVER OUR FIELDS AND PLOW DOWN OUT FORESTS. WE PILLAGE THE WORLD THAT WE MUST LIVE IN AND ESSENTIALLY TURN IT INTO A CEMENT AND TAR WASTELAND. PEOPLE KILL FOR NO REASON AND COMMIT MURDER, EVEN UNTO THEIR OWN KIND. ANIMALS ON THE OTHER HAND SIMPLY LIVE. THEY CONSUME ONLY WHAT THEY MUST TO SURVIVE AND THEY LEAVE THE REST ALONE. A LION THAT ISNT HUNGRY, FOR EXAMPLE, WONT KILL. ANIMALS MAY BUILD HOMES, BUT THEY ARE BIODEGRADABLE HOMES THAT DONT CLUTTER AND DESTROY THE LANDSCAPE. ANIMALS LIVE IN PEACE AND HARMONY AND THEY NATURALLY BALANCE EACH OTHER OUT. THERE IS A CIRCLE OF LIFE THAT WOULD BE MUCH MORE CIRCULAR IF HUMANS WERENT THERE TO STRETCH IT AND MOLD IT TO SUIT OUR FANCY. THE HUMAN IS BLOODTHIRSTY, IT DESTROYS ITS SURROUNDINGS AND EVENTUALLY ITSELF, AND YET WE CLAIM TO BE THE INTELLIGENT LIFE FORMS OF THE PLANET. THE GIFT OF A LARGER BRAIN CAPACITY HAS TURNED OUT TO BE A PANDORAS BOX, WE USE IT BECAUSE WE CANT HELP IT, AND IT CAUSES NO GOOD. MAYBE IT IS THAT THE CAPACITY TO THINK HASNT BEEN USED ENOUGH. OR PERHAPS IT IS THAT PEOPLE CANT THINK ANYMORE WHEN THEY LIVE IN AN ENVIRONMENT THAT THINKS FOR THEM. IT SEEMS THAT THE GIFTS GIVEN TO US HAVE CAUSED US TO BE CORRUPT DESTROYERS OF ALL LIFE. HUMANS COULD TURN AROUND AND BE THE FORCE THAT SAVES LIFE IF WE COULD CARE JUST A LITTLE BIT MORE AND THINK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT WE CREATE AND WHAT EFFECT IT WILL HAVE. IF WE COULD CONSIDER THE LYNX THAT PATROLS THE WOODS AND RELIES ON THE SMALLER LIFE THEN MAYBE WE WOULD NOT BUILD A ROAD THERE WHERE POLLUTANTS AND TRAFFIC CAN KILL ALL ...

Medicine Term Paper Writing Guide You Shouldn’t Miss

Medicine Term Paper Writing Guide You Shouldn’t Miss To write a thorough medical term paper, you should consider all the peculiarities of this type of writing. Besides, it should be mentioned that medical papers are difficult to write due to the complexity of topics and terminology. Even though a medicine term paper writing requires a lot of efforts, medical students have to complete it every term. With the help of a medical term paper, professors are able to evaluate how well a student comprehends the materials presented during the term. This type of essay may be written on various topics related to medical sciences be it anatomy, microbiology, pharmacology, physiology, and public health. You can be assigned to write a medical term paper about various health issues such as pregnancy, medicine, and physical disturbances. Therefore, one may state that medical science is a vast field that includes plenty of information to be researched and described. Main Characteristics of Term Paper Writing In general, a medical term paper is a lengthy essay that should be written on a subject based on the works performed during the term. Consequently, you should just support the received knowledge of different pieces of research. What is more, a term paper is an analytical and critical report on the selected topic. Therefore, it should consist of two equally important aspects, namely your own thoughts about the topic and a demonstration of comprehension of the chosen literature. Hence, the primary goal of this paper is to summarize the material you have learned and present the understanding of the topic. In addition, it is important to start writing your medical term paper as soon as possible to have enough time to proofread it. Apart from that, the best medicine term paper writing should include some investigations and statistic data to support your ideas and arguments. It has to be mentioned that you should use the information only from the reliable sources, for example, you can use websites which ends in .edu and .gov. Therefore, in some cases, term papers can be referred to as research papers since they investigate a specific matter with the help of the combination of personal knowledge and findings of some experts. What is more, if you are allowed, you can express your opinion about the selected matter at the end of the paper. Hence, one may consider that this type of essay is quite similar to the research paper. How to Choose a Topic for a Medical Term Paper Usually, a professor has either tell you the exact topic which should be investigated or provide you with the list of appropriate topics. It may happen that you have to choose a topic on your own. In this case, you will be able to research a topic of your interest. Furthermore, you should consider the length of the paper to decide how broad your topic should be. Therefore, if you are asked to write five pages, you can choose a specific issue, but if you have to write ten pages, it will be better to select a broad topic and then focus on its certain matter. What is more, you have to search for recent issues or breakthroughs to choose a relevant topic for your medical term paper. The following list of topics may appear helpful for you to create your own one: Health Institutions in the Developing Countries and Their Influence on Morbidity and Mortality; Organ Transplantation: All Possible Complications; Causes of Child Obesity and Risks of Becoming Overweight Due to Bad Eating and Activity Habits; Drug Facts: Addiction and Substance Abuse and Their Outcomes. 3 Pre-Writing Tips to Follow Before Writing a Term Paper Having chosen the topic for your medical term paper, you may use some prewriting tips to manage your time and efforts efficiently for the great results in academic writing. With the help of prewriting activities, you are able to brainstorm some original ideas and create the outline. Therefore, it saves your time and energy to write an excellent term paper. Keep in mind that the more work you complete during the prewriting stage, the easier it will be to write the first draft. There are several steps of how to start writing your paper. You have to brainstorm to collect all the ideas related to the topic. While completing this stage of prewriting activity, you should not think about spelling or word choice to save time; After having completed the list of the ideas, you have to choose the most compelling ones to expand them in your term paper; You need to draft an outline of your medical term paper to know what kind of information you should include in every section. As a result, if you complete the prewriting stage accurately, it will be easier for you to make a final draft due to the fact that all the ideas and thoughts will be collected. What Sources to Include in a Term Paper When you choose the topic for your paper and come up with some essential ideas for it, you should find some sources of reliable information to support them in detail. You should convince the reader in the veracity of your term paper. Therefore, you may ask your instructor to provide you with some sources or search them by yourself. Take into consideration the following sources: Health Human Services; National Institutes of Health; Bio-Medical Library, etc. You can go to the library since there is a significant number of various journals and magazines, especially medical ones. However, if you are limited in time, you may find some information on the Internet, but you should be careful with websites since some of them may present inaccurate information. To choose appropriate sources for your medical term paper online, you have to pay special attention to the websites which end in .gov and .edu. For instance, the website which ends in .gov is a government-sponsored website. Therefore, it is supposed to be a credible source of information. What is more, it has to be mentioned that the government-sponsored websites may provide you with actual links to different official researches and statistic data. Besides, those websites which end in .edu are designed for educational institutions that makes them credible as well. As a rule, your instructor, who doesn’t give any additional source, state that the process of source selection for the paper is one of the most important processes in writing a medical term paper. It is a good idea to check the research and analytical skills that help you to demonstrate and support your ideas. The way of referencing differs depending on the style of the entire paper. For example, if you are asked to follow an APA style, you should indicate the author’s last name and year of publication in the brackets, while according to MLA style, you have to indicate the author’s last name and page number in the brackets. Moreover, on a separate page, you should create a list of sources that are used in a paper. That is why one may claim that in a medical term paper, sources play a significant role due to the fact that without them you will not be able to support your arguments. The Structure of a Medical Term Paper You Need to Follow Like any other academic essay, the medical term paper has a certain structure which consists of an introduction, body, and conclusion. You should follow this basic structure to present your thoughts clearly. As a consequence, you can make your paper coherent and cohesive. What is more, if you structure your paper properly, it will be easier for you to demonstrate and support your arguments in a logical order. In addition, you should pay attention to the content of your medical term paper. Therefore, you have to conduct a deep analysis of the selected research topic and read some peer-reviewed articles or books to create a well-written paper. As a result, if you structure your term paper well and create compelling and authentic content, you will receive a good mark. What to include in a term paper? Title That Is Eye-Catching When you determine what topic will be explored, you should create a title which will present the material of your medical term paper briefly. What is more important, the title has to be attractive to interest the readers, â€Å"What is in this term paper? I need to read it to the end†. Bear in mind that the title should contain no more than fifty-one symbols with spaces in any academic style. At the same time, keep it simple, informative and focused on the type of research, be it an analysis or case study. So if you state in the paper title that you are going to perform an analysis, you won’t go wrong. Introduction That Makes the Reader Plunge into the Topic This part of your term paper is of high significance due to the fact that it should briefly demonstrate your topic and provide a reader with the background information. In general, this section should present all the important points. Indeed, it should not be so long that the reader gets bored. Therefore, the introductory section should contain only those information that only clues the reader in on the research topic. Moreover, the introduction has a special structure with an opening sentence and thesis statement. If you choose the first topic from the list demonstrated above, first, you can describe how substance abuse impacts people’s behavior in general. Then, you can enumerate the primary effects of substance abuse on a human body according to the particular scientists. Remember that you are not allowed to include any in-text citations in this paragraph. Furthermore, if you want to create a compelling thesis statement, you should have a clear insight into the selected topic to expand it further. Hence, it can be stated that the introduction should provide the reader with a clear picture of the whole paper. Main Body That Supports Your Thesis Statement The central idea of the main part is to support your thesis statement mentioned in the introduction. As a rule, it contains 4 main sections that correspond to methods, results, and discussion. Every logic unit pursues particular aims and objectives accordingly. To make your medical term paper smooth, you have to insert some linking words in order to connect paragraphs with each other. The same as the Introduction section, each part of the main body has a certain structure which consists of a topic sentence, evidence, and concluding sentence. What is more, if you decide to mention some counterarguments, you should create a separate paragraph to make sure that you do not confuse the reader. Unlike the introduction section, you can include some in-text citations to support your points. If you decide to insert quotations, you should not forget to cite them properly. If you do not refer to the source as it is required in style guidelines, your paper will have a high similarity index. Apart from that, this part of the paper may contain a description of some investigations to provide a reader with as many details as possible. With the help of it, the readers will be able to comprehend the matter better. Therefore, it can be stated that the main body is the most important part of the entire paper due to the fact that it presents central viewpoints and convinces readers that your arguments are accurate. Conclusion You Need to Arrive at This part summarizes all points mentioned in the main body in a logical way. Therefore, you have to select the most important information from your paper and present it in the conclusion section. It is important to avoid writing any new information and including in-text citations. Besides, this part of the paper is the last chance to convince the reader it is worth to research a particular issue on Medicine. Moreover, it is necessary to restate your thesis statement and support it with arguments presented in the main body. As a result, one may claim that you should pay special attention to this section to create a logical conclusion of your paper. Additional Visual Parts of Your Medical Term Paper It may happen that you will need to create a chart, diagram to demonstrate some figures and explain them in a clear way. There are plenty of charts, such as pie chart, line chart, flowchart, and bar chart that will be able to help you to demonstrate statistic data and any other data in your medical research paper. With the help of those charts, you can demonstrate different kinds of information that includes figures to support your research. What is more, a reader may compare and contrast the presented information. As a consequence, they can reach a conclusion on their own. Such visuals are effective when you want to compare some results of the different investigations or merely demonstrate the consequences of the experiments. That is why various types of charts are useful while writing a medical term paper. A Bit More from Our Writers: Proofreading Techniques You Should Try Out It is important to proofread your medical term paper by checking for spelling, grammar, and paper’s overall smoothness. You can just reread the paper few days after you complete it. As an alternative, you can ask someone with good reading and academic writing skills to check your essay. Apart from that, you can read the paper out loud to spot run-on sentences and some other issues connected with the paper’s coherence. You should check whether you do not use personal pronouns because it is not recommended to use them in any type of academic essay. What is more, you have to ensure that each of your arguments is portrayed in an appropriate way and readers will be able to understand your points clearly. Consequently, it should be claimed that the proofreading process should contain a few stages to eliminate as many mistakes as possible.

Introduction to Networking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Introduction to Networking - Essay Example In this architecture, the stations are joined in a ring topology. A token is usually used in preventing any collisions, which might be present (Beasley, 2008). In the passing of data, each work station passes information to the following workstation until data resumes to the source. In this architecture, there must be a server. Just like Token Ring architecture, FDDI uses tokens to control collisions. The difference comes in the number of rings used in the FDDI architecture (Day, 2007). The FDDI uses dual rings. The dual rings consist of a secondary as well as a primary ring. The primary ring transmits data while secondary ring remains idle during operation. Traffic on the dual rings flows on counter directions (Beasley, 2008). The following illustration shows FDDI architecture with all stations functioning. The Apple Talk architecture provides internetworking of computers and other outer devices using Local Talk media and also allows access to network services like printers and file servers (Day, 2007). The Apple Talk architecture has well defined interfaces in between layers. Zones, networks, sockets and nodes form the basic components of an Apple Talk network. This presented in the illustration below. This architecture consists of data packets and switches, which transfer data using fixed length 53 byte cells (Day, 2007). A patch is usually setup with the establishment of ATM circuits. The patch remains until the connection is completed. ATM aggregators run networks, which consolidate information traffic from several feeders (Beasley, 2008). The illustration below shows ATM

Sales 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sales 1 - Essay Example This process is accompanied and facilitated by clear description of product features by the seller in front of the buyer and subsequent objection handling. This report aims to throw light upon some implicit ideas behind personal selling along with an explanation of its types, principles and the overall personal selling process. How behaviour of the buyer and external forces shape the personal selling mechanism are also discussed. Effective marketing is a direct result of effective communications. In the broader domain of marketing, the communication mix involves personal selling, sales promotion, advertising, public relations, direct marketing, packaging, sponsorship and e-marketing. The aim of communications mix elements is to generate awareness and educate buyers about the product features and their related benefits to them. The two prime objectives of communications mix are gaining attention of the buyer and developing interest towards new product proposition. The attention grasping part is undertaken by the advertising component where by the use of concise and direct and appealing messages, product attributes, pricing information and availability details of the product are made available to the consumers. The consumer tries to align his specific needs with that of the advertised message and explores further. This attention arousal forms the background for personal selling process where it becomes easier to convince the buyer to close the deal in favour of the seller. Interest development is facilitated by the salesperson who through his ability to judge the preferences and likings of the buyer group and pitching in the product at the same frequency, tries to convert the product features into customer benefits. Handling the objections and queries of the prospective buyer in a disciplined and known way makes the buyer more acceptable to close the deal and buy the proposed product. Personal selling is mostly a relationship building exercise

Ethical dilemmas Essay Example for Free

Ethical dilemmas Essay Ethical dilemmas in the society have posted a major challenge to humanity since historical times. This has been contributed by the threats and immediate uncertainty that acts and reacts to kill the will and desire to do that which is good. Ethical dilemmas comprises of direct wrong acts in the society even when the correct acts are clear. However, the good actions are mostly never committed as they require dire commitment and are often interpreted in the wrong mode by the immediate peers and/ or work mates (Cyndi, 2008). In colleges, students are faced with major challenges related to their peers and the administration too. Ethics dictate that the students should not cheat in the exam rooms. Again, students are not supposed to steal others properties or sneak out of the school compound. The ethical thing to do in such a situation is reporting the case to the administration for disciplinary actions against the culprits. However, students do not report and remain silent in majority of the cases and therefore encourage repetition of the same acts. It is usually very hard to gather evidence since cases like those of cheating cannot have exhibits. Besides, there are long procedures to follow in filing such cases and therefore it appears as a waste of time by the students. Finally, it appears as a sabotage and betrayal of ones peers and therefore one risks being segregated. Therefore, majority of the students though willing never acts ethically as they are torn between acting correctly or maintaining the demands of the immediate associations (James Dean, 2008). Lawyers on the other hand are trusted with ensuring that the most ethical discourses are followed in the justice system. However, rarely does it happen as they defend their clients even when they are aware that he/she is on the wrong side. As a professional lawyer, bringing charges against another lawyer is hard even after clearly knowing that he/she has been on the wrong side (Scott Ronald, 2008). This is because it demands involvement in terms of time and vast resources to effectively defend the case. Besides, one keeps off as the peer dislike people who go against one their ideologies in the societies. Like the students case, one may be left alone and therefore unable to operate in the profession which requires strong cooperation. As indicated earlier, lawyers know how to cover what is bad with good and lots of evidence may be required to win particular cases against them. Lawyers Johnnie Cochran and F. Lee Bailey defended O J. Simpson in his murder case with little challenges from other lawyers of their firms even understanding their client had committed the crime (Cyndi, 2008). Besides, accountants have also been strongly involved in unethical deeds where they inflate or deflate the books of accounts in solidarity with their partners to ensure that they make a company or project fail in favor of another one. In such cases, though there is enough evidence to launch major complains, the rewards are generally hefty and the members commit never to reveal it and exposing the deal would lead to threats by other members. This has been highly unethical as it may lead to loss of jobs and investments for innocent people (James Dean 2008). An honor system application and use in the society has had many advantages to the immediate users and the society at large. It is cost effective as it is run by trust and enhancing efficiency is easy as it emanates from the individuals goodwill. For instance buses and trains can operate easily without waiting for routine tickets checking. Besides, it brings the groups together and promotes the spirit of team work in an organization or institutions thereby raising the efficiency of immediate operations. However, in the society where there is great tendency to do the wrong things than the correct one major businesses are bound to fail due to solidarity of the employees and staff. As a result, it promotes laziness and bad behavior as the employees act in solidarity to cover up their colleagues on the wrong sides in the organization or institutions (Scott Ronald, 2008). This system breeds the major dilemmas and acts to kill the good people in the society by pushing them into the major peer cocoons. Conclusion. Ethical dilemmas have posted some of the major threats in the society to humanity and the production systems. They have far reaching impacts to the society especially if they are amongst the peers in institutions and other management units. To add to that, these dilemmas operates at all levels from school to high professionals and administration management realms therefore posing major risks to the whole society. To address the situation, institutions require embarking on strong campaigns to fight the unethical behaviors in the society. Cooperation and communication based on mutual trust and low coercion in organizations and schools should be established. Besides, the leaders should act as the major role models for all the people in their organizations or institutions. Reference list. Cyndi, B. (2008). Criminal Justice Ethics: Theory and Practice. New York: Sage Publishers. James, L. Dean, B. (2008). Decision-making Near the End-of-life: Recent Developments and Future Directions. New York: CRC Press. Scott, A. Ronald, R. (2008). Executive Ethics: Ethical Dilemmas and Challenges for the C- Suite. New Jersey: IAP.

Destructive Relationships in Wuthering Heights :: Wuthering Heights Essays

Destructive Relationships in Wuthering Heights Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect companion. Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is like. This kind of situation often leads to separation or hostility. Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy, desire for revenge, uncaring parents, etc. Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive relationships. Three of these are uncaring parents, marriage without knowing the person, and jealousy. Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive relationships. Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley became disassociated from his father. This separation continued until after Mr. Earnshaw had died. Another example is between Hindley and Hareton. Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young Hareton. This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as well. One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son Linton. Heathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his revenge. This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his son. Linton even says "... my father threatened me, and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about Heathcliff . The hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their children. This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each other. This had happened between Isabella and Heathcliff. Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him, but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at all. To declare her feelings she wrote " Is Heathcliff a man? If so, is he mad? And if not, is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain, if you can, what I have married ..."(125). Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar Linton. Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage, she thought having parties all the time was

MBA Database Management Essay

A1. Differentiate between Traditional File System & Modern Database System File Base system were the traditional systems which has been replaced now by modern database systems. All database application are using the Modern day database management systems now a days . The difference between the these two technologies given below. File-based System File-based systems were an early attempt to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users. Each program defines and manages its data. However, five types of problem are occurred in using the file-based approach: Separation and isolation of data When data is isolated in separate files, it is more difficult for us to access data that should be available. The application programmer is required to synchronize the processing of two or more files to ensure the correct data is extracted. Duplication of data When employing the decentralized file-based approach, the uncontrolled duplication of data is occurred. Uncontrolled duplication of data is undesirable because: i.Duplication is wasteful ii.Duplication can lead to loss of data integrity Data dependence Using file-based system, the physical structure and storage of the data files and records are defined in the application program code. This characteristic is known as program-data dependence. Making changes to an existing structure are rather difficult and will lead to a modification of program. Such maintenance activities are time-consuming and subject to error. Incompatible file formats The structures of the file are dependent on the application programming language. However file structure provided in one programming language such as direct file, indexed-sequential file which is available in COBOL programming, may be different from the structure generated by other programming language such as C. The direct incompatibility makes them difficult to process jointly. Fixed queries / proliferation of application programs File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports have to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be entertained and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. File-based systems also give tremendous pressure on data processing staff, with users’ complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be limited and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Database Systems: In order to overcome the limitations of the file-based approach, the concept of database and the Database Management System (DMS) was emerged in 60s. A database is an application that can store and retrieve data very rapidly. The relational bit refers to how the data is stored in the database and how it is organized. When we talk about database, we mean a relational database, in fact an RDBMS – Relational Database Management System. In a relational database, all data is stored in tables. These have the same structure repeated in each row (like a spreadsheet) and it is the relations between the tables that make it a â€Å"relational† table Advantages: A number of advantages of applying database approach in application system are obtained including: Control of data redundancy The database approach attempts to eliminate the redundancy by integrating the file. Although the database approach does not eliminate redundancy entirely, it controls the amount of redundancy inherent in the database. Data consistency: By eliminating or controlling redundancy, the database approach reduces the risk of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. More information from the same amount of data With the integration of the operated data in the database approach, it may be possible to derive additional information for the same data. Sharing of data Database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. Improved data integrity Database integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is usually expressed in terms of constraints, which are consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. Improved security Database approach provides a protection of the data from the unauthorized users. It may take the term of user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion. Enforcement of standards The integration of the database enforces the necessary standards including data formats, naming conventions, documentation standards, update procedures and access rules. Economy of scale Cost savings can be obtained by combining all organization’s operational data into one database with applications to work on one source of data. Balance of conflicting requirements By having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole rather that for an individual entity. Improved data accessibility and responsiveness By having an integration in the database approach, data accessing can be crossed departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users. Increased productivity The database approach provides all the low-level file-handling routines. The provision of these functions allows the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application development. Improved maintenance Database approach provides a data independence. As a change of data structure in the database will be affect the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance. Increased concurrency Database can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not result any loss of information nor loss of integrity. Improved backing and recovery services Modern database management system provides facilities to minimize the amount of processing that can be lost following a failure by using the transaction approach. Disadvantages In split of a large number of advantages can be found in the database approach, it is not without any challenge. The following disadvantages can be found including: Complexity Database management system is an extremely complex piece of software. All parties must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required. Size The database management system consumes a substantial amount of main memory as well as a large number amount of disk space in order to make it run efficiently. Cost of DBMS A multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even after the installation, there is a high recurrent annual maintenance cost on the software. Cost of conversion When moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to have additional expenses on hardware acquisition and training cost. Performance As the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. Higher impact of a failure The database approach increases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database availability, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously Q2. What is the disadvantage of sequential file organization? How do you overcome it? What are the advantages & disadvantages of Dynamic Hashing? Disadvantage of Sequestial file organization: A file that contains records or other elements that are stored in a chronological order based on account number or some other identifying data. In order to locate the desired data, sequential files must be read starting at the beginning of the file. A sequential file may be stored on a sequential access device such as magnetic tape or on a direct access device such as magnetic disk. Contrast with random file. Dynamic Hashing: Advantages The main advantage of hash tables over other table data structures is speed. This advantage is more apparent when the number of entries is large (thousands or more). Hash tables are particularly efficient when the maximum number of entries can be predicted in advance, so that the bucket array can be allocated once with the optimum size and never resized. If the set of key-value pairs is fixed and known ahead of time (so insertions and deletions are not allowed), one may reduce the average lookup cost by a careful choice of the hash function, bucket table size, and internal data structures. In particular, one may be able to devise a hash function that is collision-free, or even perfect (see below). In this case the keys need not be stored in the table . Disadvantages Hash tables can be more difficult to implement than self-balancing binary search trees. Choosing an effective hash function for a specific application is more an art than a science. In open-addressed hash tables it is fairly easy to create a poor hash function. Although operations on a hash table take constant time on average, the cost of a good hash function can be significantly higher than the inner loop of the lookup algorithm for a sequential list or search tree. Thus hash tables are not effective when the number of entries is very small. (However, in some cases the high cost of computing the hash function can be mitigated by saving the hash value together with the key.) For certain string processing applications, such as spell-checking, hash tables may be less efficient than tries, finite automata, or Judy arrays. Also, if each key is represented by a small enough number of bits, then, instead of a hash table, one may use the key directly as the index into an array of values. Note that there are no collisions in this case. The entries stored in a hash table can be enumerated efficiently (at constant cost per entry), but only in some pseudo-random order. Therefore, there is no efficient way to efficiently locate an entry whose key is nearest to a given key. Listing all n entries in some specific order generally requires a separate sorting step, whose cost is proportional to log(n) per entry. In comparison, ordered search trees have lookup and insertion cost proportional to log(n), but allow finding the nearest key at about the same cost, and ordered enumeration of all entries at constant cost per entry. If the keys are not stored (because the hash function is collision-free), there may be no easy way to enumerate the keys that are present in the table at any given moment. Although the average cost per operation is constant and fairly small, the cost of a single operation may be quite high. In particular, if the hash table uses dynamic resizing, an insertion or deletion operation may occasionally take time proportional to the number of entries. This may be a serious drawback in real-time or interactive applications. Hash tables in general exhibit poor locality of reference—that is, the data to be accessed is distributed seemingly at random in memory. Because hash tables cause access patterns that jump around, this can trigger microprocessor cache misses that cause long delays. Compact data structures such as arrays, searched with linear search, may be faster if the table is relatively small and keys are integers or other short strings. According to Moore’s Law, cache sizes are growing exponentially and so what is considered â€Å"small† may be increasing. The optimal performance point varies from system to system. Hash tables become quite inefficient when there are many collisions. While extremely uneven hash distributions are extremely unlikely to arise by chance, a malicious adversary with knowledge of the hash function may be able to supply information to a hash which creates worst-case behavior by causing excessive collisions, resulting in very poor performance (i.e., a denial of service attack). In critical applications, either universal hashing can be used or a data structure with better worst-case guarantees may be preferable Q3. What is relationship type? Explain the difference among a relationship instance, relationship type & a relation set? A3. A relationship type R among n entity types E1, E2, †¦, En is a set of associations among entities from these types. Actually, R is a set of relationship instances ri where each ri is an n-tuple of entities (e1, e2, †¦, en), and each entity ej in ri is a member of entity type Ej, 1≠¤j≠¤n. Hence, a relationship type is a mathematical relation on E1, E2, †¦, En, or alternatively it can be defined as a subset of the Cartesian product E1x E2x †¦ xEn . Here, entity types E1, E2, †¦, En defines a set of relationship, called relationship sets. Q4. What is SQL? Discuss. Q5. What is Normalization? Discuss various types of Normal Forms? Q6. What do you mean by Shared Lock & Exclusive lock? Describe briefly two phase locking protocol? MI0034 – Database Management System – 4 Credits Assignment – Set- 2 (60 Marks) Answer all the Questions Q1. Define Data Model & discuss the categories of Data Models? What is the difference between logical data Independence & Physical Data Independence? Q2. What is a B+Trees? Describe the structure of both internal and leaf nodes of a B+Tree? Q3. Describe Projection operation, Set theoretic operation & join operation? Q4. Discuss Multi Table Queries? Q5. Discuss Transaction Processing Concept? 10.2 Describe properties of Transactions? Q6. Describe the advantage of Distributed database? What is Client/server Model? Discuss briefly the security and Internet violation? .